CBSE Class 12 Notes

The syllabus of CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Notes comprises of the following chapters. We have prepared various notes along with detailed questions and their solution for 12th Accountancy relevant for the student of Accounts class 12, who may be studying in CBSE Board.

Accountancy Part I 

Chapter 1 – Accounting for Not-for-Profit Organisation

1. Meaning and Characteristics of Not-for-Profit Organisation
2. Accounting Records of Not-for-Profit Organisations
3. Receipt and Payment Account
4. Income and Expenditure Account
5. Balance Sheet
6. Some Peculiar Items

Chapter 2 – Accounting for Partnership:  Basic Concepts

1.  Nature of Partnership
2.  Partnership Deed
3.  Special Aspects of Partnership Accounts
4.  Maintenance of Capital Accounts of Partners
5.  Distribution of Profit among Partners
6.  Guarantee of Profit to a Partner – Click here for our Video on Guarantee of Profits to a Partner
7.  Past Adjustments

Chapter 3 Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Admission  of a Partner

1. Modes of Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm
2. Admission of a New Partner
3. New Profit Sharing Ratio
4. Sacrificing Ratio
5. Goodwill
6. Adjustment for Accumulated Profits and Losses and Capitals
7. Revaluation of Assets and Reassessment of Liabilities
8. Change in Profit Sharing Ratio among the Existing Partners

For more example and Solutions on Distribution of Profits amongst Partners, you can Click Here

Chapter 4 – Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm   

1. Retirement/Death of a Partner
2. Ascertaining the Amount Due to Retiring/Deceased Partner
3. New Profit Sharing Ratio
4. Gaining Ratio
5. Treatment of Goodwill
6. Adjustment for Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities/Adjustment of Accumulated Profits and Losses
7. Disposal of Amount Due to Retiring Partner
8. Adjustment of Partners’ Capitals
9. Death of a Partner

Chapter 5 Dissolution of Partnership Firm

1. Dissolution of Partnership
2. Dissolution of a Firm
3. Settlement of Accounts
4. Accounting Treatment

Accountancy Part II

Chapter  1 – Accounting for Share Capital

1. Company and its Characteristics
   Company formation
2. Kinds of Companies
3. Share Capital of a Company
4. Nature and Classes of Shares
5. Issue of Shares
6. Accounting Treatment
7. Forfeiture of Shares

Chapter  2 –  Issue and Redemption of Debentures

1. Meaning of Debentures
2. Distinction between Shares and Debentures
3. Types of Debentures
4. Issue of Debentures
5. Over Subscription of Debentures
6. Terms of Issue of Debentures
7. Interest on Debentures
8. Writing off Discount/Loss on Issue of Debentures
9. Redemption of Debentures

Chapter  3 –  Financial Statements of a Company

1. Meaning and Nature of Financial Statements
2. Objectives of Financial Statements
3. Types of Financial Statements
4. Uses and Importance of Financial Statements
5. Limitations of Financial Statements

Chapter  4 –  Analysis of Financial Statements

1. Meaning of Analysis of Financial Statements
2. Significance of Analysis of Financial Statements
3. Objectives of Analysis of Financial Statements
4. Tools of Analysis of Financial Statements
5. Comparative Statements
6. Comparative Balance Sheet
7. Limitations of Financial Analysis

Chapter  5 – Accounting Ratios

1. Meaning of Accounting Ratios
2. Objectives of Ratio Analysis
3. Advantages of Ratio Analysis
4. Limitations of Ratio Analysis
5. Types of Ratios
6. Liquidity Ratios
7. Solvency Ratios 
8. Activity (or Turnover) Ratio
9. Profitability Ratios

Chapter 6 – Cash Flow Statement

1. Objectives and Benefits of Cash Flow Statement
2. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Cash flows
3. Ascertaining Cash Flow from Operating Activities
4. Ascertainment of Cash Flow from Investing
5. Cash Flow and Financing Activities
6. Preparation of Cash Flow Statement

The syllabus of CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Notes comprises of the following chapters. We have prepared various notes along with detailed questions and their solution for 12th Business Studies NCERT relevant for the student of Business Studies Class 12 NCERT, who may be studying in CBSE Board.

Business Studies Part 1

Chapter 1 – Nature and Significance of Management Class 12

1. Characteristics of Management
2. Objectives of Management
3. Management as an Art
4. Management as Science
5. Management as Profession
6. Levels and Functions of Management
7. Coordination — The Essence of Management

Chapter 2 Principles of Management

1. Concept of Principles of Management
2. Taylor’s Scientific Management
3. Fayol’s Principles of Management

Chapter 3 Business Environment

1. Introduction & Meaning & Importance of Business Environment
2. Dimensions of Business Environment
3. Indian Industrial Policies

Chapter 4 – Planning

1. Introduction, Meaning, Importance, Features & Limitations of Planning
2. Planning Process
3. Types of Plan

Chapter 5 –  Organising

1. Introduction to Organisation and its Importance
2. Steps in the process of Organising
3. Organisation Structure
4. Delegation
5. Decentralisation

Chapter 6 Staffing

1. Need and Importance of Staffing
2. Staffing as a part of Human resource
3. Introduction to recruitment
4. Training and development

Chapter 7 Directing

1. Directing – Introduction, Meaning, Importance & Principles
2. Supervision – Elements of Directing
3. Motivation – Element of Directing
4. Incentives – Types of Incentives
5. Maslow’s need hierarchy theory of motivation
6. Leadership
7. Communication
   1. Formal and Informal Communication
   2. Barriers to Communication

Chapter 8 Controlling

1. Meaning of Controlling
2. Techniques of Managerial Control

Business Studies Part 2

Chapter 9 Financial Management

1. Business Finance
2. Objectives of Financial Management
3. Financial Planning
4. Financial decisions in Financial Management
5. Capital Structure in Financial Management

Chapter 10 Financial Markets

1. Financial Market
2. Money Market
3. Capital Market
4. Stock Exchange
5. National stock exchange of India (NSE)
6. Securities and exchange board of India (SEBI)

Chapter 11 Marketing

1. Marketing Management
2. Marketing Management Philosophies
3. Functions of marketing
4. Marketing mix
5. Products – Classification of Products
6. Branding
7. Packaging – Levels , Functions & Importance
8. Labelling
9. Pricing – Factors affecting Price of a Product or Service
10. Components of Physical Distribution
11. Channels of Distribution
12. Advertising – Benefits, Limitations, Objections
13. Personal selling
14. Sales promotion
15. Publicity – Characteristics and Objectives

Chapter 12 Consumer Protection

1. Consumer Protection Act, 1986
2. Role of Consumer Organizations and NGOs

The syllabus of CBSE Class 12 Economics comprises of the following chapters. We have prepared various notes and mcqs, relevant for the student of Economics Class 12, who may be studying in CBSE Board. CBSE Class 12 Economics Chapter wise Notes and MCQ Questions have been given under the particular chapter, which you can click and read : –

Microeconomics Class 12 Notes

Part A – CBSE Class 12 Macroeconomics chapter wise notes and MCQs

National Income and Related Aggregates

• Circular Flow of Income Class 12 Economics
• Circular Flow of Income Class 12 MCQ with Answers
• Basic Concepts of Macroeconomics Class 12
• Some Basic Concepts of Macroeconomics Class 12 MCQ
• National Income and Related Aggregates Class 12 Notes Economics
• National Income and related aggregates Class 12 Numericals
• National Income and Related Aggregates MCQ Questions

Money and Banking

• Money and Banking Class 12 Notes
• Money and Banking Class 12 MCQ with Answers

Determination of Income and Employment

• Aggregate Demand and Related Concepts
• Income Determination and Multiplier
• Excess Demand and Deficient Demand

Government Budget and The Economy

• Government Budget and The Economy

Balance of Payment

• Foreign Exchange Rate
• MCQ on Foreign exchange rate Class 12
• Balance of Payments
• MCQ on Balance of Payment Class 12 Economics

Part B – Indian Economic Development – Class 12 Economics Notes Indian Economy

UNIT 1: Development Policies and Experience (1947-1990)

• State of Indian Economy on the eve of Independence
• Indian Economy on the eve of Independence MCQs
• Indian Economy 1950 to 1990
• Indian Economy 1950 to 1990 MCQs

UNIT II: Economic Reforms since 1991

• Economic reforms since 1991 Class 12 Notes Economics
• Economic reforms since 1991 MCQs

UNIT III: Current Challenges Facing the Indian Economy

• Poverty- Definition, Causes and the Policies for Poverty Alleviation
• Human Capital Formation in India- Definition, Sources, Condition of human capital in India, Role of Education sector in human capital development and the Future Prospects
• Rural Development, focusing on Condition of Agricultural Trade, Present Status of Organic Farming and Sustainable Development
• Employment- explaining the concept of Labour Force, Informal and Formal sector and the Government policies for eradicating the problem of unemployment
• Infrastructure, with the main focus on State of Infrastructure in Energy and Health in India
• Explaining the concept of Environment and Sustainable Development, focusing on India

UNIT IV: Development Experience of India: A Comparison with Neighbors

• Position of India and its Neighbors with respect to the demographic indicators and the indicators of human development

We are also providing Economics MCQs, for chapters which are covered in Class 12 Economics as well as applicable for entrance examinations like CA CPT, CS Foundation and other equivalent examinations in India and other countries. Each Economics MCQs Test contains 10 questions.  Answers to Economics MCQs are available at the end of the last question.

Instructions to attempt the Economics MCQs

• Each Economics MCQs Test contains 10 questions.
• Answers to Economics MCQs are available at the end of the last question.  
• Each MCQ has 3 to 4 options of which one is correct;