CBSE Class 12 Notes
The syllabus of CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Notes comprises of the following chapters. We have prepared various notes along with detailed questions and their solution for 12th Accountancy relevant for the student of Accounts class 12, who may be studying in CBSE Board.
Accountancy Part I
Chapter 1 – Accounting for Not-for-Profit Organisation
- Meaning and Characteristics of Not-for-Profit Organisation
- Accounting Records of Not-for-Profit Organisations
- Receipt and Payment Account
- Income and Expenditure Account
- Balance Sheet
- Some Peculiar Items
Chapter 2 – Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts
- Nature of Partnership
- Partnership Deed
- Special Aspects of Partnership Accounts
- Maintenance of Capital Accounts of Partners
- Distribution of Profit among Partners
- Guarantee of Profit to a Partner – Click here for our Video on Guarantee of Profits to a Partner
- Past Adjustments
Chapter 3 Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Admission of a Partner
- Modes of Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm
- Admission of a New Partner
- New Profit Sharing Ratio
- Sacrificing Ratio
- Goodwill
- Adjustment for Accumulated Profits and Losses and Capitals
- Revaluation of Assets and Reassessment of Liabilities
- Change in Profit Sharing Ratio among the Existing Partners
For more example and Solutions on Distribution of Profits amongst Partners, you can Click Here
Chapter 4 – Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm
- Retirement/Death of a Partner
- Ascertaining the Amount Due to Retiring/Deceased Partner
- New Profit Sharing Ratio
- Gaining Ratio
- Treatment of Goodwill
- Adjustment for Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities/Adjustment of Accumulated Profits and Losses
- Disposal of Amount Due to Retiring Partner
- Adjustment of Partners’ Capitals
- Death of a Partner
Chapter 5 Dissolution of Partnership Firm
Accountancy Part II
Chapter 1 – Accounting for Share Capital
- Company and its Characteristics
Company formation - Kinds of Companies
- Share Capital of a Company
- Nature and Classes of Shares
- Issue of Shares
- Accounting Treatment
- Forfeiture of Shares
Chapter 2 – Issue and Redemption of Debentures
- Meaning of Debentures
- Distinction between Shares and Debentures
- Types of Debentures
- Issue of Debentures
- Over Subscription of Debentures
- Terms of Issue of Debentures
- Interest on Debentures
- Writing off Discount/Loss on Issue of Debentures
- Redemption of Debentures
Chapter 3 – Financial Statements of a Company
- Meaning and Nature of Financial Statements
- Objectives of Financial Statements
- Types of Financial Statements
- Uses and Importance of Financial Statements
- Limitations of Financial Statements
Chapter 4 – Analysis of Financial Statements
- Meaning of Analysis of Financial Statements
- Significance of Analysis of Financial Statements
- Objectives of Analysis of Financial Statements
- Tools of Analysis of Financial Statements
- Comparative Statements
- Comparative Balance Sheet
- Limitations of Financial Analysis
- Meaning of Accounting Ratios
- Objectives of Ratio Analysis
- Advantages of Ratio Analysis
- Limitations of Ratio Analysis
- Types of Ratios
- Liquidity Ratios
- Solvency Ratios
- Activity (or Turnover) Ratio
- Profitability Ratios
Chapter 6 – Cash Flow Statement
The syllabus of CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Notes comprises of the following chapters. We have prepared various notes along with detailed questions and their solution for 12th Business Studies NCERT relevant for the student of Business Studies Class 12 NCERT, who may be studying in CBSE Board.
Business Studies Part 1
Chapter 1 – Nature and Significance of Management Class 12
- Characteristics of Management
- Objectives of Management
- Management as an Art
- Management as Science
- Management as Profession
- Levels and Functions of Management
- Coordination — The Essence of Management
Chapter 2 Principles of Management
Chapter 3 Business Environment
- Introduction & Meaning & Importance of Business Environment
- Dimensions of Business Environment
- Indian Industrial Policies
Chapter 4 Planning
Chapter 5 Organising
- Introduction to Organisation and its Importance
- Steps in the process of organising
- Organisation Structure
- Delegation
- Decentralisation
Chapter 6 Staffing
- Need and Importance of Staffing
- Staffing as a part of Human resource
- Introduction to recruitment
- Training and development
Chapter 7 Directing
- Directing – Introduction, Meaning, Importance & Principles
- Supervision – Elements of Directing
- Motivation – Element of Directing
Incentives – Types of Incentives
Maslow’s need hierarchy theory of motivation - Leadership
- Communication
Formal and Informal Communication
Barriers to Communication
Chapter 8 Controlling
Business Studies Part 2
Chapter 9 Financial Management
- Business Finance
- Objectives of Financial Management
- Financial Planning
- Financial decisions in Financial Management
- Capital Structure in Financial Management
Chapter 10 Financial Markets
- Financial Market
- Money Market
- Capital Market
- Stock Exchange
- National stock exchange of India (NSE)
- Securities and exchange board of India (SEBI)
Chapter 11 Marketing
- Marketing Management
- Marketing Management Philosophies
- Functions of marketing
- Marketing mix
- Products – Classification of Products
- Branding
- Packaging – Levels , Functions & Importance
- Labelling
- Pricing – Factors affecting Price of a Product or Service
- Components of Physical Distribution
- Channels of Distribution
- Advertising – Benefits, Limitations, Objections
- Personal selling
- Sales promotion
- Publicity – Characteristics and Objectives
Chapter 12 Consumer Protection
The syllabus of CBSE Class 12 Economics comprises of the following chapters. We have prepared various notes, relevant for the student of Economics Class 12, who may be studying in CBSE Board. Each of these notes have been given under the particular chapter, which you can click and read : –
Microeconomics Class 12 Notes
Chapter 1 – Introduction
- A Simple Economy
- Central problems of an Economy
- Organisation of Economic Activities
- The Centrally Planned Economy
- The Market Economy
- Positive and Normative Economics
- Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Other Additional Notes
Chapter 2 – Theory of Consumer Behavior
- Utility
- Measurement of Utility
- The Consumer’s Budget
- Budget Set and Budget Line
- Changes in the Budget Set
- Conditions of Consumer’s Equilibrium
- Optimal Choice of the Consumer
- Demand
- Demand Curve and the Law of Demand
- Deriving a Demand Curve from Indifference Curves and Budget Constraints
- Normal and Inferior Goods
- Substitutes and Complements
- Shifts in the Demand Curve
- Movements along the Demand Curve and Shifts 26 in the Demand Curve
- Market Demand
- Elasticity of Demand
- Elasticity along a Linear Demand Curve
- Factors Determining Price Elasticity of Demand for a Good
- Elasticity and Expenditure
Chapter 3 – Production and Costs
- Production Function
- The Short Run and the Long Run
- Total Product, Average Product and Marginal Product
- Total Product
- Average Product
- Marginal Product
- The Law of Diminishing Marginal Product and the Law of Variable Proportions
- Law of Diminishing Marginal Product
- Law of Variable Proportions
- Shapes of Total Product, Marginal Product and Average Product Curves
- Returns to Scale
- Costs
Chapter 4 – The Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition
- Perfect Competition: Defining Features
- Revenue
- Profit Maximisation
- Condition 1
- Condition 2
- Condition 3
- The Profit Maximisation Problem: Graphical Representation
- Supply Curve of a Firm
- Short Run Supply Curve of a Firm
- Long Run Supply Curve of a Firm
- The Shut Down Point
- The Normal Profit and Break-even Point
- Determinants of a Firm’s Supply Curve
- Technological Progress
- Input Prices
- Market Supply Curve
- Price Elasticity of Supply
Other Additional Notes
Chapter 5 – Market Equilibrium
- Equilibrium, Excess Demand, Excess Supply
- Market Equilibrium: Fixed Number of Firms
- Market Equilibrium: Free Entry and Exit
- Applications
- Price Ceiling
- Price Floor
Chapter 6 – Non-Competitive Markets
- Simple Monopoly in the Commodity Market
- Market Demand Curve is the Average Revenue Curve
- Total, Average and Marginal Revenues
- Marginal Revenue and Price Elasticity of Demand
- Short Run Equilibrium of the Monopoly Firm
- Other Non-perfectly Competitive Markets
- Monopolistic Competition
- How do Firms behave in Oligopoly?
Macroeconomics Class 12 Notes
Chapter 1 – Introduction
- Emergence of Macroeconomics
- Context of the Present Book of Macroeconomics
Other Additional Notes
Chapter 2 – National Income Accounting
- Some Basic Concepts of Macroeconomics
- Circular Flow of Income and Methods of Calculating National Income
- The Product or Value Added Method
- Expenditure Method
- Income Method
- Factor Cost, Basic Prices and Market Prices
- Some Macroeconomic Identities
- Nominal and Real GDP
- GDP and Welfare
Other Additional Notes
Chapter 3 – Money and Banking
- Functions of Money
- Demand for Money and Supply of Money
- Demand for Money
- Supply of Money
- Money Creation by Banking System
- Balance Sheet of a Fictional Bank
- Limits to Credit Creation and Money Multiplier
- Policy Tools to Control Money Supply
Other Additional Notes
- What is Demand?
- Demand Characteristics
- Determinants of demand
- Determinants of Market Demand
- Demand Function In Economics
Chapter 4 – Determination of Income and Employment
- Aggregate Demand and its Components
- Consumption
- Investment
- Determination of Income in Two-sector Model
- Determination of Equilibrium Income in the Short Run
- Macroeconomic equilibrium with price level fixed
- Effect of an autonomous change in aggregate demand on income and output
- The Multiplier Mechanism
- Some More Concepts
Chapter 5 – Government Budget and The Economy
- Government Budget – Meaning and its Components
- Objectives of Government Budget
- Classification of Receipts
- Classification of Expenditure
- Balanced, Surplus and Deficit Budget
- Measures of Government Deficit
Chapter 6 – Open Economy Macroeconomics
- The Balance of Payments
- Current Account
- Capital Account
- Balance of Payments Surplus and Deficit
- The Foreign Exchange Market
- Foreign Exchange Rate
- Determination of the Exchange Rate
- Merits and Demerits of Flexible and Fixed Exchange Rate Systems
- Managed Floating
Other Additional Notes
- Balance of Trade
- Difference Between BOP And BOT
- Structure of Balance of Payment
- Disequilibrium in Balance of Payment
We are also providing Economics MCQs, for chapters which are covered in Class 12 Economics as well as applicable for entrance examinations like CA CPT, CS Foundation and other equivalent examinations in India and other countries. Each Economics MCQs Test contains 10 questions. Answers to Economics MCQs are available at the end of the last question.
Chapter Number | Topic Name |
---|---|
Chapter 1 | Introduction to Micro Economics |
Chapter 2 | Theory of Consumer Behaviour |
Chapter 2 | Theory of Demand |
Chapter 2 | Theory of Supply |
Chapter 3 | Theory of Production |
Chapter 3 | Theory of Cost |
Chapter 4 | Market |
Chapter 4 | Determination of Price |
Chapter 4 | Price and Output Determination |
Chapter 5 | Role of Different Sectors |
Chapter 5 | Indian Economy |
Chapter 5 | National Income |
Chapter 5 | Tax System |
Chapter 6 | Population |
Chapter 6 | Poverty |
Chapter 6 | Unemployment |
Chapter 6 | Infrastructural Challenges |
Chapter 6 | Inflation |
Chapter 6 | Budget and Fiscal Deficits |
Chapter 7 | Economic Reforms in India |
Chapter 7 | Liberalisation, Privatisation and Disinvestment |
Chapter 7 | Globalisation |
Chapter 8 | Money |
Chapter 8 | Commercial Banks |
Chapter 8 | Reserve Bank of India (RBI) |
Instructions to attempt the Economics MCQs
- Each Economics MCQs Test contains 10 questions.
- Answers to Economics MCQs are available at the end of the last question.
- Each MCQ has 3 to 4 options of which one is correct;
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