CBSE Class 12 Notes | Chapter Wise Notes for Class 12 Students

Arinjay Academy has prepared CBSE Class 12 Notes for Commerce Students, covering the concepts covered in detailed notes, several questions along with their solutions for Business Studies Class 12, Accountancy Class 12, and Economics Class 12 for the student of Class 12, who may be studying in CBSE Board.

This study material for class 12 is applicable for Academic Year 2021-22, for Term I exams to be held in November/ December 2021, and Term II to be held in March 2022.  The content shall be updated from time to time and you can subscribe to our email list for getting regular updates.

CBSE Class 12 Notes serve as a handy tool for effective preparation of the CBSE Board examination. These are curated by our subject experts who have years of experience in this field.

The information provided in Class 12 Notes is carefully selected by following the latest guidelines and prescribed syllabus to guide students into mastering the concepts.

Arinjay Academy’s study material covers all the significant topics to the point in a straightforward manner which makes learning easy and interesting. These notes serve as a CBSE Guide for Class 12 that helps you to understand the concepts easily and score well in exams. CBSE Class 12 Notes also serve as a base for other competitive exams such as JEE, NEET, etc. 

Notes of 12th Course provides you with an exhaustive overview of the entire chapter in such a  way that you can retain maximum in a timely fashion.

CBSE Class 12 Notes

CBSE Class 12 Notes Business Studies

Business Studies Class 12 Notes Part 1

Chapter 1 – Nature and Significance of Management Class 12

  1. Characteristics of Management
  2. Objectives of Management
  3. Management as an Art
  4. Management as Science
  5. Management as Profession
  6. Levels and Functions of Management
  7. Coordination — The Essence of Management

Chapter 2 Principles of Management

  1. Concept of Principles of Management
  2. Taylor’s Scientific Management
  3. Fayol’s Principles of Management

Chapter 3 Business Environment

  1. Introduction & Meaning & Importance of Business Environment
  2. Dimensions of Business Environment
  3. Indian Industrial Policies




Chapter 4 – Planning

  1. Introduction, Meaning, Importance, Features & Limitations of Planning
  2. Planning Process
  3. Types of Plan

Chapter 5 –  Organising

  1. Introduction to Organisation and its Importance
  2. Steps in the process of Organising
  3. Organisation Structure
  4. Delegation
  5. Decentralisation

Chapter 6 Staffing

  1. Need and Importance of Staffing
  2. Staffing as a part of Human resource
  3. Introduction to recruitment
  4. Training and development

Chapter 7 Directing

  1. Directing – Introduction, Meaning, Importance & Principles
  2. Supervision – Elements of Directing
  3. Motivation – Element of Directing
  4. Incentives – Types of Incentives
  5. Maslow’s need hierarchy theory of motivation
  6. Leadership
  7. Communication
    1. Formal and Informal Communication
    2. Barriers to Communication

Chapter 8 Controlling

  1. Meaning of Controlling
  2. Techniques of Managerial Control




Class 12 Notes Business Studies Part 2

Chapter 9 Financial Management

  1. Business Finance
  2. Objectives of Financial Management
  3. Financial Planning
  4. Financial decisions in Financial Management
  5. Capital Structure in Financial Management

Chapter 10 Financial Markets

  1. Financial Market
  2. Money Market
  3. Capital Market
  4. Stock Exchange
  5. National stock exchange of India (NSE)
  6. Securities and exchange board of India (SEBI)

Chapter 11 Marketing

  1. Marketing Management
  2. Marketing Management Philosophies
  3. Functions of marketing
  4. Marketing mix
  5. Products – Classification of Products
  6. Branding
  7. Packaging – Levels , Functions & Importance
  8. Labelling
  9. Pricing – Factors affecting Price of a Product or Service
  10. Components of Physical Distribution
  11. Channels of Distribution
  12. Advertising – Benefits, Limitations, Objections
  13. Personal selling
  14. Sales promotion
  15. Publicity – Characteristics and Objectives

Chapter 12 Consumer Protection

  1. Consumer Protection Act, 1986
  2. Role of Consumer Organizations and NGOs

CBSE Class 12 Notes Accountancy

Accountancy Notes for Class 12 Part I 

Chapter 1 – Accounting for Not-for-Profit Organisation

  1. Meaning and Characteristics of Not-for-Profit Organisation
  2. Accounting Records of Not-for-Profit Organisations
  3. Receipt and Payment Account
  4. Income and Expenditure Account
  5. Balance Sheet
  6. Some Peculiar Items

Chapter 2 – Accounting for Partnership:  Basic Concepts

  1.  Nature of Partnership
  2.  Partnership Deed
  3.  Special Aspects of Partnership Accounts
  4.  Maintenance of Capital Accounts of Partners
  5.  Distribution of Profit among Partners
  6.  Guarantee of Profit to a Partner – Click here for our Video on Guarantee of Profits to a Partner
  7.  Past Adjustments




Chapter 3 Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Admission  of a Partner

  1. Modes of Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm
  2. Admission of a New Partner
  3. New Profit Sharing Ratio
  4. Sacrificing Ratio
  5. Goodwill
  6. Adjustment for Accumulated Profits and Losses and Capitals
  7. Revaluation of Assets and Reassessment of Liabilities
  8. Change in Profit Sharing Ratio among the Existing Partners

Chapter 4 – Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm   

  1. Retirement/Death of a Partner
  2. Ascertaining the Amount Due to Retiring/Deceased Partner
  3. New Profit Sharing Ratio
  4. Gaining Ratio
  5. Treatment of Goodwill
  6. Adjustment for Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities/Adjustment of Accumulated Profits and Losses
  7. Disposal of Amount Due to Retiring Partner
  8. Adjustment of Partners’ Capitals
  9. Death of a Partner

Chapter 5 Dissolution of Partnership Firm

  1. Dissolution of Partnership
  2. Dissolution of a Firm
  3. Settlement of Accounts
  4. Accounting Treatment

Accountancy Notes for Class 12 Part II

Chapter  1 – Accounting for Share Capital

  1. Company and its Characteristics
    Company formation
  2. Kinds of Companies
  3. Share Capital of a Company
  4. Nature and Classes of Shares
  5. Issue of Shares
  6. Accounting Treatment
  7. Forfeiture of Shares

Chapter  2 –  Issue and Redemption of Debentures

  1. Meaning of Debentures
  2. Distinction between Shares and Debentures
  3. Types of Debentures
  4. Issue of Debentures
  5. Over Subscription of Debentures
  6. Terms of Issue of Debentures
  7. Interest on Debentures
  8. Writing off Discount/Loss on Issue of Debentures
  9. Redemption of Debentures

Chapter  3 –  Financial Statements of a Company

  1. Meaning and Nature of Financial Statements
  2. Objectives of Financial Statements
  3. Types of Financial Statements
  4. Uses and Importance of Financial Statements
  5. Limitations of Financial Statements

Chapter  4 –  Analysis of Financial Statements

  1. Meaning of Analysis of Financial Statements
  2. Significance of Analysis of Financial Statements
  3. Objectives of Analysis of Financial Statements
  4. Tools of Analysis of Financial Statements
  5. Comparative Statements
  6. Comparative Balance Sheet
  7. Limitations of Financial Analysis




Chapter  5 – Accounting Ratios

  1. Meaning of Accounting Ratios
  2. Objectives of Ratio Analysis
  3. Advantages of Ratio Analysis
  4. Limitations of Ratio Analysis
  5. Types of Ratios
  6. Liquidity Ratios
  7. Solvency Ratios 
  8. Activity (or Turnover) Ratio
  9. Profitability Ratios

Chapter 6 – Cash Flow Statement

  1. Objectives and Benefits of Cash Flow Statement
  2. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Cash flows
  3. Ascertaining Cash Flow from Operating Activities
  4. Ascertainment of Cash Flow from Investing
  5. Cash Flow and Financing Activities
  6. Preparation of Cash Flow Statement

CBSE Class 12 Economics Notes

CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2021-22 (Class 12 Term wise Curriculum) comprises the following chapters. You can read CBSE Class 12 Economics Term-wise MCQs and Notes by clicking the relevant part of the Syllabus.

CBSE Class 12 Economics Term 1 Notes – MCQ Based Questions 

Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics




Part B: Indian Economic Development
Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991:- 12 Marks

Current challenges facing Indian Economy – 10 Marks

CBSE Class 12 Economics Term II Syllabus – Subjective Questions

Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics

Part B: Indian Economic Development

Current challenges facing Indian Economy – 12 Marks

Development Experience of India – A Comparison with Neighbours – 6 Marks

Notes provided by Arinjay Academy help students to find significant topics for exams that need more attention and practice to score well in Board exams. CBSE Notes for Class 12 are available in a chapter-wise format for quick access to students.

Class 12 Notes are fascinating, concise and to the point, which helps you to revise the whole syllabus briskly. Our notes for Class 12 are designed in such a way that students can rely on these notes for getting a good grip over the concepts.

If you have any suggestions on how we can improve CBSE Class 12 Notes, would like to work as a part of our team, you can please write to us at arinjayjain@arinjayacademy.com.

MCQs for Class 12

CBSE Notes for Class 12

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