Social Studies Class 10

Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy covers all Extra Questions and Answers of various types i.e. from short questions to long questions, related to the topic so as to help the students with their preparation by helping them do an in-depth study of the topic.

The chapter begins with a description of the importance of transport in an economy and the different means of transport. The following section describes different means of transport, namely roadways, railways, waterways. And pipelines. The next section deals with major seaports of India. Airways and communication are discussed in the next section. India’s international trade is described and the chapter ends with a description of tourism as an emerging trade activity.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Extra Questions are Answered in detail by our team of experts which includes teachers and professionals. These solutions have been compiled in an easy to understand manner, keeping in mind, the perspective of strong, and weak students. We are providing NCERT Solutions for Class 10 all subjects which can be accessed by clicking here.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Extra Questions and Answers – Very Short Type Questions: [1-2 marks]

Ques.1: Who implements the highway projects in India?

Ans.1: National Highway Authority of India 

Ques.2: Which is NH1? Which cities does it connect?

Ans.2: The Sher-Shah Suri Marg is the National Highway 1. It connects Delhi with Amritsar.

Ques.3: How are roads classified based on the material of construction used?

Ans.3: Based on the material of construction used, the roads are classified as metalled and non-metalled roads.

Ques.4: When was the first train steamed off in India?

Ans.4: The first train of India was steamed off in 1853, from Mumbai to Thane.

Ques.5: Which is the cheapest mode of transportation in India?

Ans.5: Waterways

Ques.6: When was air transport nationalised?

Ans.6: Air transport was nationalised in 1953.

Ques.7: Which six mail channels have been introduced in India?

Ans.7: The six mail channels introduced in India are Rajdhani Channel, Metro Channel, Green Channel, Business Channel, Bulk Mail Channel and Periodical Channel.

Short Answer Type Questions: 2-4 Marks

Ques.1: Why do roadways have an edge over railways?

Ans.1: The roadways have an edge over railways for the following reasons:

1. The construction cost of roadways is lesser than the railways.
2. Unlike railways, the roads can be built in the regions with undulating topography.
3. Roads can be built on slopes and mountains.
4. Road transport is economical for the transportation of people and goods over short distances.
5. Road transportation provides door-to-door service, thereby reducing the loading and unloading cost.
6. Roads serve as a link between other modes of transport and also facilitates the movement of goods and people.

Ques.2: Discuss the importance of railways in India.

Ans.2: The railways are an important means of transportation in India. They help in the movement of people and freight across regions. It helps in activities like business, pilgrimage, sightseeing, along with transportation of commodities. It is because of the railways that all the regions of the country are interconnected. Railways form the backbone of the economic life of India and also contributes to the development of agriculture and industry.

Ques.3: Write a short note on pipelines.

Ans.3: Pipeline transportation system is relatively new in India. Initially, this system was used to transport water, but now it is also used to transport crude oil, natural gas, and other petroleum products from the fields to industries, refineries and power plants. It is also used to transport solids in the form of a slurry. The advantage of pipelines is that they are easy to maintain with minimal costs after the initial cost of laying down the system.

Ques.4: Mention the three important networks of pipeline transportation in India.

Ans.4: The three important networks of pipeline transportation in India are:

• From oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad. It has branches from Barauni to Haldia, via Rajbandh, Rajbandh to Maurigram and Guwahati to Siliguri
• From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab, via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat. It has branches to connect Koyali (near Vadodara, Gujarat) Chakshu and other places
• Gas pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh, via Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh. It has branches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahajahanpur, Babrala and other places in Uttar Pradesh.

Ques.5: Mention the national waterways of India.

Ans.5: The national waterways of India are:

• The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km)
• The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km)
• The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (Kottapurma-Kollam, Udyogamandal and Champakkara canals-205 km)
• Specified stretches of Godavari and Krishna rivers along with Kakinada Puducherry stretch of canals (1078 km)
• Specified stretches of river Brahmani along with Matai river, delta channels of Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers and East Coast Canal (588 km)

Ques.6: Why is water transport beneficial?

Ans.6: The water transportation is beneficial due to the following reasons:

1. It is the cheapest mode of transportation.
2. It is suitable to carry heavy and bulky goods.
3. It is environment-friendly and fuel-efficient.

Ques.7: Write a short note on airways.

Ans.7: Airways is the fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transportation. Airways can help travel even across difficult terrains like mountains, deserts, forests and even over oceans. Access to different places has been eased by the airways. It is best suited for the north-eastern part of the country due to the presence of rugged topography. Air transport was nationalised in 1953.

Ques.8: How has tourism emerged as a trading activity?

Ans.8: Tourism is emerging as trading activity in India. The scenic beauty and peace of various picturesque places and rich culture and heritage of the country has always attracted tourists from different parts of the world. Tourism is highly beneficial for the national economy and also the local handicrafts industry. Different types of tourism like for heritage tourism, eco-tourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, medical tourism and business tourism are popular in India. The government is putting in efforts to develop the tourism industry.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Extra Questions and Answers – Long Answer Type Questions: 4-6 Marks

Ques.1: How are roads in India classified based on their capacity?

Ans.1: Based on their capacity, the roads in India have been classified as follows:

• Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways: These are the superhighways that link Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai and link Delhi with the six-lane highways. The North-South corridor links Srinagar with Kanyakumari and East-West corridor links Silchar and Porbandar. The major objective of superhighways is to reduce time and distance between megacities of India. These projects are implemented by National Highway Authorities of India.
• National Highways: They link extreme parts of the country. These are constructed and maintained by the Central Public Works Department. Major National Highways run in North-South and East-West directions. The Sher-Shah Suri Marg is the National Highway 1. It connects Delhi with Amritsar.
• State Highways: These roads link the different district headquarters with each other. These roads and laid and maintained by the State Public Works Department (PWD).
• District Roads: These roads connect the district headquarters with other places in the district. These are maintained by Zila Parishad.
• Other Roads: These include the rural roads which link rural areas and towns. These roads are maintained under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana.
• Border Roads: These roads are constructed and maintained by the Border Roads Organisation. The BRO was set up in 1960 to develop roads with strategic importance in north and north-eastern regions of the country. these roads have helped improve accessibility to the areas with difficult terrain and helped in their economic development.

Ques.2: How is the distribution pattern of Indian railways influenced by physiographic, economic and administrative factors?

Ans.2: India is a country with varied physiographic features and these features majorly influence the distribution of transport means in the country, majorly railways. The railways are the most convenient means of transportation in the northern plains of India as these plains are flat stretches of land. The region houses a highly dense population with a large number of agricultural fields, thereby supporting transportation across the region. Contrary to this, in the areas with rugged and hilly topography, railway lines are laid through tunnels, hills, and gaps. The Himalayan region is highly unfavourable for the construction of railway tracks. Similarly, the deserts of Rajasthan, forests of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand, railway lines cannot be constructed. The region of Sahyadris can only be crossed through gaps and passes. Recently, Konkan railway has been developed which has facilitated the movement of goods and people as it is one of the important economic regions of India.

Ques.3: Write a detailed note on major seaports of India.

Ans.3: India has a long coastline of 7,516.6 km, and this coastline houses 12 major and 200 minor/intermediate ports. Major ports include:

• Kandla Port: It is a tidal port developed in Kuchchh in Gujarat. It was the first port developed after independence. The major reason behind the development of this port was to ease the trade at Mumbai port, which had bulk trade due to the loss of Karachi port to Pakistan. It is also known as Deendayal Port. This port handles the trade of granary and industrial belt of India.
• Mumbai Port is a natural, spacious and well-sheltered harbour. To decongest the trade at this port, Jawaharlal Nehru Port was developed.
• Marmagao Port is the major port for iron ore export. It is in Goa. It accounts for 50% of India’s iron ore exports. New Mangalore Port in Karnataka is also responsible for handling the iron ore exports, particularly from Kudermukh mines.
• Kochi is another port in India, located at the entrance of a lagoon. It has a natural harbour. Another major port is Tuticorin Port in Tamil Nadu. It has a natural harbour and handles the trade of coastal India and countries of Sri Lanka, Maldives, etc.
• Chennai Port is the oldest port of India. Vishakhapatnam is another major port. It is the deepest landlocked port.
• Other major ports include Paradwip port in Odisha and Kolkata and Haldia Kolkata is a riverine port and Haldia was developed as a subsidiary port to Kolkata port.

Ques.4: Give a detailed account of communication.

Ans.4: Communication is a major component of human life. Both personal and mass communication like television, press, films, radio are an important means of communication. The postal network also serves as a communication source. The Indian postal network is the largest in the world. Six mail channels have been introduced in India to facilitate quick mail delivery. Telecom services are also popular in India, with India having one of the largest telecom networks. Nearly two-thirds of the villages in India have been covered with Subscriber Trunk Dialing (STD) facility. There is also a uniform and integrated STD system across the country to facilitate easy communication. Mass communication is another major form of communication. Television, radio, magazines, newspapers, films, books, etc. are forms of mass communication. National sources of mass communication as All India Radio and Doordarshan. They present various cultural and informational programmes, sports, and entertainment. Newspapers are another form of mass communication. In India, newspapers are published in over 100 languages. Movies are another major source of communication which are a reflection of our society and impact our society as well.

If you have any feedbacks on Lifelines of National Economy Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Extra Questions and Answers please write us on comment box.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries covers all Extra Questions and Answers of various types i.e. from short questions to long questions, related to the topic so as to help the students with their preparation by helping them do an in-depth study of the topic.

The chapter begins with a discussion on the importance of manufacturing. The following section discusses the factors affecting the location of industries. The net section discusses in detail the different textile industries found in India. Sugar industry, iron and steel industry, chemical industry and fertilizer industry. Information technology is also described. The next section deals with the adverse effects of industries on the environment and the chapter ends with suggesting ways that can be used to conserve the environment.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Extra Questions are Answered in detail by our team of experts which includes teachers and professionals. These solutions have been compiled in an easy to understand manner, keeping in mind, the perspective of strong, and weak students. We are providing NCERT Solutions for Class 10 all subjects which can be accessed by clicking here.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Extra Questions and Answers – Very Short Type Questions: [1-2 marks]

Ques.1: What is the full form of NMCC?

Ans.1: NMCC stands for National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council.

Ques.2: What are the agglomeration economies?

Ans.2: The industries that come together to take advantage of the facilities offered by the urban centres are the agglomeration economies.

Ques.3: Where were the industrial units concentrated in the pre-independence period and why?

Ans.3: In the pre-independence period, industries were majorly concentrated in the coastal areas to facilitate global trade.

Ques.4: When and where was the first textile mill set up in India?

Ans.4: The first textile mill in India was set up in Mumbai in 1854.

Ques.5: Which factors contribute to the localisation of the cotton textile industry?

Ans.5: The factors that contribute to the localisation of the cotton textile industry are the availability of raw cotton, market, transportation facilities like accessible port facilities, labour, moist climate, etc.

Ques.6: Which are the spinning and weaving centres in India?

Ans.6: The spinning centres in India include Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. However, weaving is distributed almost all over the country to incorporate regional and traditional skills.

Ques.7: Which other industries is the cotton textile industry related to?

Ans.7: Cotton textile industry is related to other industries of chemicals and dyes, packaging materials and engineering works.

Ques.8: Mention the setbacks to the cotton textile in India.

Ans.8: The major setbacks to the cotton textile industry in India are erratic power supply, old machinery and technology, low output of labour and strong competition from the synthetic fibre industry.

Ques.9: India exports yarn to _______.

Ans.9: Japan

Ques.10: Name a few importers of Indian cotton goods.

Ans.10: A few importers of Indian cotton goods are U.S.A., U.K., Russia, France, East European countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and African countries.

Ques.11: When and where was the first jute mill set up in India?

Ans.11: The first jute mill of India was set up at Rishra near Kolkata in 1855.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Extra Questions and Answers – Short Answer Type Questions: 2-4 Marks

Ques.1: Discuss the importance of the manufacturing sector.

Ans.1: The manufacturing sector is important for the following reasons:

• Manufacturing sector helped modernise agriculture, the backbone of Indian economy.
• It has helped in employment generation across all the sectors of economic activities.
• It has helped in the eradication of unemployment and poverty. It has helped in bridging the gap between developed and backward regions of the country.
• Trade of manufactured goods across nations helps generate foreign exchange.
• The manufacturing sector has also brought prosperity to the country.

Ques.2: Agriculture and industry go hand in hand. Discuss.

Ans.2: The field of agriculture and industry are intertwined. In recent times, many agro-industries have emerged which have helped increase agricultural productivity. Also, many industries like the textile industry, tea and coffee industry depend on agriculture for their raw materials. The equipment required in agricultural activities like PVC pipes, irrigation pumps, fertilizers, machines, tools etc. are supplied by other industries. Thus, agriculture and industry go hand in hand.

Ques.3: How does industrialisation lead to urbanisation?

Ans.3: As the industries are set up, they attract workers from different places due to the work opportunities. As and when the industry grows, the number of workers increases. Eventually, these workers began settling around the industries, thereby leading to urbanisation of the area. Sometimes, industries are set up close to urban centres to ensure easy availability of labour. Thus, industrialisation and urbanisation are complementary to each other.

Ques.4: Differentiate between basic and consumer industries.

Ans.4: The industries whose produced goods are used as raw materials for other industries are known as basic industries. These industries provide the raw material for other industries. For example, iron and steel industry.

Consumer industries are the industries whose products are used by the consumers to directly to satisfy their needs. For example, the sugar industry, paper industry, automobile industry, etc.

Ques.5: Why is textile industry important?

Ans.5: The textile industry is of major significance in the country as it is the only industry that is completely self-reliant from the collection of raw material to the highest value-added products. It also contributes to the foreign exchange, employment generation and industrial production.

Ques.6: Write a brief note on:

a) Jute industry

b) Sugar industry

Ans.6:

a) Jute industry: India is the largest producer of raw jute. The jute mills in India are majorly concentrated in the Hugli basin of West Bengal. The factors that contribute to this concentration of the jute industry include proximity of jute producing areas, the port facility for transportation, railway network, good network and roadways and waterways to transport raw material to the industries, abundant water for raw jute processing, cheap labour from West Bengal, and banking and insurance facilities from Kolkata. However, the industry is also faced with some challenges like competition from the synthetic fibre industry. Major markets include the USA, UK, Australia, Ghana, etc.

b) Sugar industry: India is the second-largest producer of sugar in the world. This industry is mostly set up near the fields as this is a weight-losing industry. The raw material is bulky and the sucrose is lost in transportation. The sugar mills are majorly concentrated in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. The challenges posed to this industry are the use of old and efficient technology, seasonal nature and transport delay.

Ques.7: Discuss the process of manufacturing steel.

Ans.7: First of all, the raw material is transported to the steel plant. In the steel plant, the iron ore is melted in the blast furnace and limestone is added as a fluxing material and slag is also removed. The heat energy for this process is provided by burning coal. This often material is then transformed into pig iron. In the next step, manganese, nickel, and chromium are added to purify the pig iron. In the last step, the purified steel is rolled, pressed, cast, and forged.

Ques.8: Write a short note on the following:

a) Aluminium smelting
b) Fertilizer industry
c) Cement industry
d) Automobile industry
e) Information technology and electronics industry

Ans.8:

a) Aluminium smelting: It is the second-most important metallurgical industry in India. Bauxite is the most important raw material. Aluminium is a diverse metal and is light, corrosion-resistant, a good heat conductor and malleable. It can be made stronger when mixed with other metals. It is used to manufacture wires, utensils, and aircraft. The smelting plants are located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. The factors affecting the industrial location are regular electricity supply and assured raw material source.

b) Fertilizer industry: This industry majorly produces nitrogenous, phosphate and ammonium fertilizers. The industry received a major boost with the introduction of the Green Revolution. The states of Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala produce half of the total production.

c) Cement industry: Cement is used in building roads, bridges, factories, houses, dams, and almost every structure. The raw materials for the cement industry include limestone, silica and gypsum. Energy is supplied from coal and electric power and railways provide transportation. The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904.

d) Automobile industry: Automobile industry supplies vehicles which facilitate transportation. Vehicles like trucks, cars, motorcycles, scooters, buses, are manufactured in India. Liberalisation has helped in considerable growth of the industry. Major production centres include Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.

e) Information technology and electronics industry: These are emerging industries of India. Electronic industry includes television, telephone, radars, computers, etc. Bengaluru is the electronic capital of India. Another emerging industry id the IT industry.

Ques.9: Mention the uses of organic and inorganic chemicals.

Ans.9: The chemical industry is a fast-growing and diversifying industry. Inorganic chemicals are used to manufacture synthetic fibres, paints, glass, soap, detergents, paper, etc. Major inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalies, and soda ash. Organic chemicals include petrochemicals. These are used to manufacture synthetic rubber, drugs, pharmaceuticals, plastics, etc. The most striking feature of the chemical industry is that it is its own biggest consumer. It is because the basic chemicals are further processed to produce other chemicals.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Extra Questions and Answers – Long Answer Type Questions: 2-4 Marks

Ques.1: How are industries classified on different bases?

Ans.1: The manufacturing industries are majorly classified based on the raw material used, their main role, capital investment, and based on ownership.

Based on the raw materials used, industries are classified as follows:

• Agro-based industries are the ones that derive their raw materials from agriculture. For example, cotton, jute, tea, and coffee industries.
• Mineral-based industries derive their raw materials from chemicals and minerals. These are chemical, Aluminium, petrochemicals industry.

Based on their role, they are divided into basic and consumer industries.

• The industries whose produced goods are used as raw materials for other industries are known as basic industries. These industries provide the raw material for other industries. For example, iron and steel industry.
• Consumer industries are the industries whose products are used by the consumers to directly to satisfy their needs. For example, the sugar industry, paper industry, automobile industry, etc.

Based on capital investment, the industries are small scale and large-scale industries. Just as their name suggests, the large-scale industries require large investments.

Based on ownership, the industries are classified as:

• Public sector industries are owned by the government. For example, BHEL and SAIL.
• Private industries are owned and operated by an individual or a group of individuals. For example, TISCO.
• Joint sector industries are owned by both public and private sector jointly. For example, Oil India Ltd.
• Cooperative sector industries are owned by either the producers or workers or both. The resources are pooled and profits and losses are shared proportionately.

Based on the weight of raw material and finished goods, industries are classified as heavy and light industries.

Ques.2: Explain in detail the iron and steel industry.

Ans.2: The iron and steel industry is the basic industry as it supplies raw material for all the other industries. Steel also has wide usage in a variety of industries like construction, defence, engineering, telephonic, etc. The raw materials required for the manufacturing of steel are iron ore, coking coal, and limestone. The majority of iron and steel industries are concentrated in the Chhotanagpur plateau region. This region is close to high-grade raw materials, cheap labour and market. However, the industry is faced with challenges like poor infrastructure, lower productivity of labour, high costs and limited availability of coking coal, and irregular supply of energy.

If you have any feedbacks on Manufacturing Industries Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Extra Questions and Answers please write us on comment box.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture covers all Extra Questions and Answers of various types i.e. from short questions to long questions, related to the topic so as to help the students with their preparation by helping them do an in-depth study of the topic.

The chapter begins with a discussion on different types of farming. The following section discusses the different cropping patterns found in India. Further, the chapter deals with major food and non-food crops cultivated in India. The chapter ends with a discussion on the impact of globalisation on agriculture in India.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Extra Questions are Answered in detail by our team of experts which includes teachers and professionals. These solutions have been compiled in an easy to understand manner, keeping in mind, the perspective of strong, and weak students. We are providing NCERT Solutions for Class 10 all subjects which can be accessed by clicking here.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Extra Questions and Answers – Very Short Type Questions: [1-2 marks]

Ques.1: On which factors does primitive subsistence agriculture depend?

Ans.1: Primitive subsistence agriculture depends on monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown.

Ques.2: Which are the major cropping seasons in India?

Ans.2: The major cropping seasons in India are Rabi, Kharif and Zaid.

Ques.3: Which are the main characteristics of commercial farming?

Ans.3: The main characteristics of commercial farming include:

• Use of modern technology
• Use of a high yielding variety of seeds
• Use of fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides for higher productivity.

Ques.4: What is plantation agriculture?

Ans.4: It is a type of commercial farming. In plantation agriculture, one single crop is grown over a large area for commercial purposes. In the process of cultivation, large machines are used and it is highly capital intensive.

Ques.5: Name the major food crops grown in India.

Ans.5:  The major food crops grown in India are rice, wheat, millets, maize and pulses.

Ques.6: Name different types of paddy crop.

Ans.6: Aus, Aman and Boro

Ques.7: Name the important beverage crops in India.

Ans.7: The important beverage crops in India are tea and coffee.

Ques.8: Define sericulture.

Ans.8: The production of silk fibres by the rearing of silkworms is called sericulture.

Ques.9: Which are the major non-food crops grown in India?

Ans.9: The major non-food crops grown in India are rubber, cotton and jute.

Ques.10: What was the main focus of the First Five Year Plan?

Ans.10: Land reform

Ques.11: Why is the stagnation of agricultural sector problematic for the economy?

Ans.11: As agriculture and industry go hand in hand, any stagnation in agriculture would lead to problems in other sectors of the economy. It may cause unemployment or lower production levels.

Short Answer Type Question: 2-4 Marks

Ques.1: Why is agriculture an important economic activity?

Ans.1: Agriculture is an important economic activity for the following reasons:

• Over 60% of India’s population is directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture.
• It provides us with food grains and vegetables to fulfil our needs.
• Agriculture also supplies raw materials for many industries like the textile industry, the tea industry, paper industry, etc.
• It also helps us earn foreign exchange as agricultural products like tea, coffee, spices etc. are exported to other countries.

Ques.2: Write short notes on the following:

a) Rabi
b) Kharif
c) Zaid

Ans.2:

a) Rabi: This cropping season lasts from October to June. The crops are sown in October-December and harvested in April-June. Major rabi crops include wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard. Major production of rabi crops takes place in states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh. These crops require precipitation during the winter months.

b) Kharif: These crops are sown with the onset of monsoon and harvested in September-October. Major Kharif crops include paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soya bean. Major states cultivating paddy include Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.

c) Zaid: This is a short cropping season between rabi and Kharif seasons. Major crops include watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops.

Ques.3: Write short notes on the following:

1. Wheat
2. Maize
3. Pulses

Ans.3:

1. Wheat: Wheat is the second most important cereal crop in India. It is widely consumed in north and north-western India. Wheat is a Rabi crop. The geographical conditions required for the growth of wheat include 50-75 cm rainfall during the growing season and bright sunshine at the time of ripening. Major wheat-producing states are Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan.
2. Maize: It is a Kharif crop which is used as both food and fodder. It requires fertile alluvial soils and temperatures between 21⁰C to 21⁰ major maize producing states are Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
3. Pulses: Pulses are a major source of protein in the vegetarian diet. India is the largest producer and consumer of the pulses. Major pulses include tur (arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas and gram. As these are leguminous crops and cause nitrogen fixation, they are grown in rotation with other crops to help restore soil fertility. Major states producing pulses are Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka.

Ques.4: Write short notes on:

1. Sugarcane
2. Oilseeds
3. Coffee
4. Horticultural crops

Ans.4:

1. Sugarcane: It is a tropical and subtropical crop. The geographical conditions required for the growth of sugarcane include hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21°C to 27°C and annual rainfall between 75cm and 100cm. it requires irrigation in areas with low rainfall. It can be cultivated in a variety of soils. India is the second-largest producer of sugarcane. Major sugarcane producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.
2. Oilseeds: major oilseeds cultivated in India are groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum, soya bean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower. Most of them are used in cooking purposes. India is the second-largest producer of groundnut. It is cultivated in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. It is a Kharif crop. Castor seeds are another major Kharif crop. Linseed and mustard are rabi crops.
3. Coffee: Indian coffee is known worldwide for its quality. The variety grown in India is Arabica, which was introduced in India by Yemen. Major areas producing coffee include Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
4. Horticultural crops: India produces both tropical and temperate crops. Mangoes are cultivated in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. oranges are cultivated in Nagpur and Cherrapunji, and bananas in Kerala, Mizoram Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Litchi and guava of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, pineapples of Meghalaya, grapes of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra, apples, pears, apricots and walnuts of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh are famous worldwide.

Ques.5: Write short notes on:

1. Rubber
2. Cotton
3. Jute

Ans.5:

1. Rubber: It is an equatorial crop. The geographical conditions required for its growth include moist and humid climate with rainfall over 200 cm and temperature over 25⁰ major states producing rubber are Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Meghalaya and Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
2. Cotton: Cotton is a Kharif crop. It is the major raw material for the cotton textile industry. It is cultivated in black soil. The geographical conditions required for the cultivation of cotton are high temperatures, light rainfall, 210 frost-free days and bright sunshine. Major cotton-producing states are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.
3. Jute: Jute requires well-drained fertile soils and high temperatures during the time of growth. It is also known as golden fibre. Major jute producing states are West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha and Meghalaya. It is used to produce gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, etc.

Ques.6: Mention the problems facing the Indian farmers.

Ans.6: The Indian farmers are faced with stiff competition from the international agricultural sector. Public investment in agriculture and subsidy on fertilizer has decreased leading to an increase in the cost of production. Adding to this, import duties were reduced causing an increase in imports. All these factors have led the farmers to withdraw their investment from the agricultural sector.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Extra Questions and Answers  – Long Answer Type Question: 4-6 Marks

Ques.1: Give a detailed account of primitive subsistence agriculture.

Ans.1: Primitive subsistence agriculture is the oldest form of agriculture practised in the world. It is still practised in some parts of the world. The main purpose of this type of agriculture is subsistence. It is practised on small patches of land. The tools used for cultivation are also primitive, for example, digging sticks, hoe and dao. There is no additional labour required other than family labour. Primitive agriculture is mainly dependent on monsoon, natural soil fertility, and suitable environmental conditions. It is also known as slash and burn agriculture as in this, a small patch of forest land is cleared for cultivation. The ash resulting from the burnt trees serves are a fertile base to grow crops. Once the land loses its fertility, another patch of land is cleared and the same process is repeated. This method allows the land to rejuvenate its fertility naturally. It is known as jhumming in north-eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland, pamlou in Manipur, dipa in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, and Andaman and the Nicobar Islands.

Ques.2: Differentiate between intensive subsistence farming and commercial farming.

Ans.2:

 Ques.3: Give a description of millets.

Ans.3: Millets are a group of crops which include jowar, bajra and ragi. These are coarse grains with very high nutritional value. Jowar is one of the most important crops. It is a rainfed crop and does not require irrigation in moist areas. It is cultivated in the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Bajra is another important crop. It is grown on sandy soils and shallow black soil. Major states cultivating bajra are Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana. Another millet grown in India is ragi. It is cultivated in dry regions with red, black, sandy, loamy, and shallow black soils. Ragi is cultivated in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh.

If you have any feedbacks on Agriculture Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Extra Questions and Answers please write us on comment box.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Resources and Development covers all Extra Questions and Answers of various types i.e. from short questions to long questions, related to the topic so as to help the students with their preparation by helping them do an in-depth study of the topic.

The chapter begins with an introduction to what resources are and its types based on varied characteristics. The following sections discuss the concept of resource development and resource planning. This is followed by a discussion on land resources and their utilisation. The topics of land degradation and conservation measures are discussed. The next discussion deals with soil as a resource. The chapter ends with a discussion on soil conservation.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Extra Questions are Answered in detail by our team of experts which includes teachers and professionals. These solutions have been compiled in an easy to understand manner, keeping in mind, the perspective of strong, and weak students. We are providing NCERT Solutions for Class 10 all subjects which can be accessed by clicking here.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Extra Questions and Answers – Very Short Type Questions: [1-2 marks]

Ques.1: Define resource.

Ans.1: The things available in our environment that can be used to satisfy our needs is a resource. A resource is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable.

Ques.2: The process of transformation of things available in our environment involves an interactive relation between _______, _______ & ________.

Ans.2: nature, technology and institutions

Ques.3: Resources area function of ___________.

Ans.3: human activities

Ques.4: Resources are a function of human activities. Explain.

Ans.4: As humans modify and use the resources depending on their needs, resources become a function of human activities.

Ques.5: What are renewable resources divided into?

Ans.5: Renewable resources can be divided into continuous and flow resources.

Ques.6: Give the subcategories of non-renewable resources.

Ans.6: Non-renewable resources are divided into recyclable and non-recyclable.

Ques.7: Write short notes on sustainable development.

Ans.7: Sustainable development can be defined as a form of development which must take place without damaging the environment. The needs of the present generation must be fulfilled without compromising the needs of future generations.

Ques.8: Why are the other than the current fallow lands cultivated once or twice in two-three years?

Ans.8: The other than the current fallow lands are cultivated only once or twice in two-three years because either the land quality Is poor or the cost of cultivation over this land is very high.

Ques.9: Define gross cropped area.

Ans.9: Gross cropped area can be defined as the net sown area plus the area sown more than once in an agricultural year.

Ques.10: On what basis are the soils classified in India?

Ans.10: The soils in India are classified based on soil formation, colour, thickness, texture, age, chemical and physical properties.

Ques.11: What are badlands and ravines?

Ans.11: The land unfit for any kind of cultivation is known as badland. These badlands in Chambal basin are known as ravines.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Extra Questions and Answers – Short Answer Type Questions:2-4 Marks

Ques.1: On what different bases have the resources been classified?

Ans.1: The resources have been classified based on origin, exhaustibility, ownership and status of development. Based on origin, resources are classified as biotic and abiotic. The resources are classified as renewable and non-renewable resources. The resources are classified as individual, community, national and international based on ownership. Based on the status of development, resources are divided into potential, developed, stock and reserves.

Ques.2: Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable resources.

Ans.2:

Ques.3: Discuss the problems caused by the overexploitation of resources.

Ans.3: The problems caused by the overexploitation of resources are:

• Depletion of renewable and non-renewable resources.
• Accumulation of resources in the hands of a few powerful individuals. This has created a divide in the society of haves and have-nots.
• Overexploitation of resources has also caused various ecological problems like global warming, land degradation, environmental pollution and ozone layer depletion.

Ques.4: India has enormous diversity in the availability of resources. Discuss.

Ans.4: India is a country with diversity. Different regions in the country house different resources. Rich mineral and deposits are found in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh. Abundant water resources are found in Arunachal Pradesh. The states of Gujarat Rajasthan are endowed with huge potential in wind and solar energy.

Ques.5: Mention the steps involved in resource planning.

Ans.5: The steps involved in resource planning are:

1. Identification and inventory of resources across the country: The resources all over the country are surveyed and mapped and analysed on a qualitative and quantitative basis.
2. To harness these resources, a planning structure is formed which consists of technology, skill and institutional set up required for the implementation of the resource development plan.
3. These development plans are then matched with the plans of development at the national level.

Ques.6: For what different purposes is the land used for?

Ans.6: Land is used for the following purposes:

a) Forests

b) Land not available for cultivation

• • The barren and wasteland
  • Land put to non-agricultural uses

c) Other uncultivated lands (excluding fallow land)

• Permanent pastures and grazing land
• Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in the net sown area)
• Cultruable wasteland (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years).

d) Fallow lands

• Current fallow (left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year)
• Other than current fallow (left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years).

e) Net sown area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus the net sown area is known as gross cropped area.

Ques.7: Define soil. Which factors are important for the formation of soil?

Ans.7: The topmost layer of the lithosphere. It is responsible for plant growth and supports living organisms. The important factors that contribute to the formation of soil are relief, parent rock, climate, vegetation and time. Natural factors like change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers etc. also contribute to the formation of soil.

Ques.8: Write short notes on the following:

a) Black soil
b) Red & yellow soil
c) Laterite soils
d) Arid soils
e) Forest soils

Ans.8:

a) Black soil: This is black and is also known as regur soil. These soils are the best suited for the cultivation of cotton. For the formation of black soil, climate and parent rock material are important factors. These have good water retention capacity and are extremely fine. The nutrients found in black soils are potash, calcium carbonate, lime and magnesium. These develop cracks in summers, which helps in aeration of the soil. Black soil is found in Deccan plateau, spread over the states of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and extend in the south-east direction along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys.

b) Red and Yellow soils: Red soils are formed by the crystalline igneous rocks. Their red colour is a result of high content in these soils. The yellow colour appears when it’s hydrated. These soils are found in Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats.

c) Laterite soil: Laterite word is derived from the Latin word ‘later’, meaning brick. This soil is formed due to intense leaching due to heavy rain. These soils are deep, acidic and are deficient in plant nutrients. These are found in the states of Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal and the Western Ghats. Crops supported by laterite soils include tea, coffee and cashew nut.

d) Arid soil: These soils have a sandy texture and are saline. Due to the high salt content in some areas, salt s obtained by evaporation. Arid soils lack humus and moisture. Their colour ranges from red to brown. Irrigation facilities have enabled cultivation in arid soils in Rajasthan.

e) Forest soil: These soils are found in the hilly and mountainous regions. These soils are loamy and silty in valleys and coarse in upper slopes. Denudation occurs in snow-covered areas and soils are acidic with low humus content in the Himalayan areas.

Ques.9: Which factors cause soil erosion?

Ans.9: Soil erosion is caused due to the following factors:

• Human activities like deforestation, mining, over-grazing etc. cause soil erosion.
• Natural forces like water, wind, glacier, etc. also cause soil erosion.
• Gully erosion takes place when water forms deep channels in the soil.
• Sheet erosion occurs when topsoil is washed away by water.
• Wrong ploughing techniques can form channels in the soil which facilitate the flow of water through them and cause erosion.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Extra Questions and Answers – Long Answer Type Questions:4-6 Marks

Ques.1: How are the resources classified based on the status of development?

Ans.1: Based on the status of development, the resources are classified as:

1. Potential resources: These are the resources that are yet to be explored and utilised. For example, the potential of wind and solar energy in Rajasthan and Gujarat is still underdeveloped.
2. Developed resources: These resources have been developed to their fullest potential with the help of advancement in technology.
3. Stock: These are the resources which are present in the environment, however, the humans do not possess adequate technology to harness these resources. For example, water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen and hydrogen is a rich source of energy. However, we do not possess the technical know-how to harness the energy from hydrogen.
4. Reserves: These can be considered as a subset of stock resources. Though we possess the technology to utilise these resources, they have not yet been put to use. For example, rivers have a huge potential to meet a variety of demands. However, it is being used only to a limited extent.

Ques.2: How are resources classified based on ownership?

Ans.2: Based on ownership, the resources are classified as follows:

1. Individual resources: These resources are owned privately by individuals. These can either be farmers who own a land allotted by the government against the revenue payment or people owning houses, plots, etc. in the urban areas. Other examples of private ownership include plantations, pasture lands, etc.
2. Community-owned resources: These resources are accessible to all the members of a particular community. For example, village commons, public parks, playgrounds, picnic spots, etc.
3. National resources: These resources are owned by the nation. A country possesses legal powers to acquire private lands for the public good. Mineral resources, water resources, land and wildlife within the national territory and the oceanic area within 12 nautical miles belongs to the nation.
4. International resources: These resources open to all the nations of the world. However, no individual country has the right to harness these resources without the concurrence of the international institutions.

Ques.3: What are the different reasons for land degradation in India? How can land be conserved?

Ans.3: The reasons behind the land degradation in India are as follows:

1. Mining activities cause land degradation. Firstly, forests are cleared for mining purposes. After the minerals are extracted, these sites are left unattended, leaving deep scars and holes in the earth. This is the case in the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.
2. Overgrazing of land has also emerged as a major problem which causes land degradation. This is the situation in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
3. Land degradation in the states of Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh is caused by over-irrigation which increases salinity and alkalinity of the soils.
4. Dust in the atmosphere is discharged by the grinding of limestone for the cement industry and calcite and soapstone for the ceramic industry. These particles later settle down on land.
5. Untreated industrial effluents discharged in the water bodies also pollute and degrade the land.

To save the land from being degraded, afforestation and proper management of grazing can be adopted. Plant shelterbelts, controlled over-grazing, proper management of wastelands, check on mining activities and proper treatment and disposal of industrial wastes and effluents can help reduce and control land degradation.

Ques.4: Give a detailed account of alluvial soils in India.

Ans.4: Alluvial soils are the most widespread soils in India. These soils are very fertile. They contain potash, phosphoric acid and lime. Crops like sugarcane, paddy, wheat, and pulses are cultivated in alluvial soils. The regions with these soils are very densely populated and also cultivated intensely. These soils are deposited by the three important Himalayan river systems, the Indus, Ganga, and the Brahmaputra. These soils are found in parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat, in the deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri. These soils contain sand, silt and clay in different proportions. In the upper reaches of the valleys, the soils are coarse. These are found in Duars, Chos and Terai. The alluvial soils are also divided based on their age. These are classified as Bangar (old alluvium) and khadar (new alluvium). Bangar is relatively coarser and contains kanker nodules. Khadar is fertile as compared to Bangar.

If you have any feedbacks on Resources and Development Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Extra Questions and Answers please write us on comment box.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 8 Challenges to Democracy covers all Extra Questions and Answers of various types, related to the topic so as to help the students with their preparation by helping them do an in-depth study of the topic.

• This chapter is the concluding chapter summarizing all the concepts that have been read throughout the text book.
• This chapter aims to make the students creatively use their learnings and understandings to compare the challenges faced by different nations across the world.
• This chapter also talks about the three basic challenges of democracy and also aims to make the student come up with their own definition of democracies pointing out the pros and cons of the concept and redefine it.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 8 Extra Questions are Answered in detail by our team of experts which includes teachers and professionals. These solutions have been compiled in an easy to understand manner, keeping in mind, the perspective of strong, and weak students. We are providing NCERT Solutions for Class 10 all subjects which can be accessed by clicking here.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 8 Extra Questions and Answers

1) A ______ is a difficulty that carries within itself an opportunity for progress.

Ans) Challenge

2) _______ is the challenge faced by every nation in some form or the other.

Ans) Deepening of democracy

3) All suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges of democracy are called ____.

Ans) Political reforms

4) Real challenges of reforms lie at the ______ level.

Ans) State

5) The ______ is a good example of a law that empowers the people to find out what is happening in government and act as watchdogs of our country.

Ans) Right to Information Act 2005

6) Democratic reforms should mainly be carried out by ______, ______, _____ and ______.

Ans) Political Activists, Parties, Movements, Politically Conscious citizens.

7) Democratic reforms should be principally brought through _____.

Ans) Political Practice

8) ______ is termed as the spirit of democracy.

Ans) Power Sharing

9) What is the most important concern in the case of democratic reforms?

Ans) The most important concerns in case of democratic reforms are to strengthen democratic practices and to improve the quality of political participation by ordinary citizens.

10) What is meant by the foundational challenge?

Ans) It is a type of transition into a democratic government from some other form of government. The challenge involved in bringing down the systems of the previous government, keeping away military and other dictatorial forms of power and instituting a sovereign and functional state.

11) What is meant by the challenge of expansion?

Ans) This is the challenge which involves applying the principles of basic democratic politics and features to different parts of the nation like the states, cities, towns etc. This challenge focusses on the expansion of power to the different federal units including women, minority groups etc.

12) State two contributions that the Right to Information Act made.

Ans)

• The right to Information act authorizes the people to find out what is happening in government and act as watchdogs of our country.
• It is also a law that helps to control corruption and enhances the existing law that bans corruption and imposes strict penalties.

If you have any feedbacks on Challenges to Democracy Class 10 Civics Chapter 8 Extra Questions and Answers please write us on comment box.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 7 Outcomes of Democracy covers all Extra Questions and Answers of various types i.e. from short questions to long questions, related to the topic so as to help the students with their preparation by helping them do an in-depth study of the topic.

• This chapter mainly talks about the expected and actual outcomes of democratic government by showcasing both the positive and the negative aspects of this form of government.
• This chapter also talks about the factors like quality of government, economic well being, inequality, social differences, conflicts, freedom and dignity.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 7 Extra Questions are Answered in detail by our team of experts which includes teachers and professionals. These solutions have been compiled in an easy to understand manner, keeping in mind, the perspective of strong, and weak students. We are providing NCERT Solutions for Class 10 all subjects which can be accessed by clicking here.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 7 Extra Questions and Answers – Very Short Type Questions: [1-2 marks]

1) Democracy is based on the idea of _______ and ________.

Ans) Deliberation, negotiation

2) Democracy ensures that decision making is based on ________ and _______.

Ans) Norms, procedures

3) ________ is the factor that is often missing in a non-democratic government.

Ans) Transparency

4) Democracies generally do not have a track record when it comes to _________.

Ans) Sharing information with the public about its decisions

5) The routine tales of ________ tells us that democracy is not free of this particular evil.

Ans) Corruption

6) One aspect where democracy is surely better than its other alternatives is that democracy is a ________ government.

Ans) Legitimate

7) Comparing dictatorships and democracies for 50 years from 1950-2000 which form of government performed in case of overall economic growth?

Ans) Dictatorships

8) Perhaps more than development, it is reasonable to expect democracies to reduce _________.

Ans) Economic Disparities

9) Democracies are based on __________.

Ans) Political equality

10) In ________, more than half of its population lives in poverty.

Ans) Bangladesh

11) What reduces the possibility of tensions becoming explosive or violent in democracies?

Ans) Procedure to conduct the competition

12) ______ and, _____ and _______ is thus a definite plus point of democratic regimes.

Ans) Ability to handle social differences, divisions, conflicts

Class 10 Civics Chapter 7 Extra Questions and Answers – Short Type Questions: [2-4 marks]

1) What are things that are expected that democracy should provide us with?

Ans)

• The real choice of choosing the rulers via whom the citizens want themselves to be governed is the first and the most important feature of democracy which it should provide to its citizens.
• People should be allowed to play their part in the decision making procedure.
• Also, it is expected that in a democracy the government will be accountable to the citizens for its actions taken and the needs, desires and wishes of the citizens will be taken care of in this form of government.

2) State two outcomes of a democracy that’s are right to expect.

Ans) Two outcomes of democracy that are right to expect out of it are:

• Firstly, democracy as a government which follow procedures to make decisions.
• Secondly, it to be accountable to the people for its actions.

3) State a few practices and institutions that one needs to look out for in case of democracies?

Ans) One is expected to look out for the following institutions in case of judging democracies:

• Free and fair elections
• Open public debate on major policies and legislations
• Citizen’s right to information about the government and its functioning.

4) Name the factors on which economic development depends on?

Ans) Factors on which economic development depends on are as follows:

• Country’s population size
• Global situation
• Cooperation from other countries
• Economic priorities adopted by the country

5) What is democracies’ status when it comes to equal distribution of wealth?

Ans) Even though democracy is considered to be the best form of government among the rest, yet democracies fails to address this important concern. In most democratic countries, the disparity among the rich and the poor is very high where on one hand top 10% people have 90% wealth, the remaining 10% wealth is distributed among the rest 90% of the population which clearly shows the gap. Even though a large part of voters is from the poor sections, yet democracies have miserably failed in their attempts to curb this economic disparity among various sections of the society.

6) The example of Sri Lanka reminds us that democracy must fulfil two conditions to achieve the ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts. State these two conditions.

Ans) The two conditions that Sri Lanka points out to us that need to be fulfilled to achieve the ability to manage social differences, divisions and conflicts are as follows:

• A collaboration of both majority and minority opinions to achieve a general and collective view.
• From Sri Lanka’s example, we also get to know that rule of the majority doesn’t refer to majority in some religious, social or any other manner but it means the rule of the majority in a collective manner where from every community like-minded people put forward their views and choices representing their needs.

7) What does the fact that people often complain in a democracy represent?

Ans) The very fact that people in a democracy keep complaining about their needs and requirements even after considering that democracy is the best form of government shows that democracy as a notion is successful. It gives people the freedom to express their needs and demands and also provide them with a real choice so that they are free to govern themselves in a manner they want. People in a democracy are aware, able and have the capability and choice to critically analyze the situations and raise questions in case they are not satisfied.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 7 Extra Questions and Answers – Long Type Questions: [4-6 marks]

1) Write in brief why democracy is better than other forms of government?

Ans) Democracy, which is of the people by the people and for the people government,  seems to be better compared to other forms of government because of the following reasons.

• Firstly, democracy promotes the concept of equality among the citizens of the nation and also boosts their self-respect.
• Secondly, democracy provides with a method to resolve any kinds of clashes among the citizens and also improves the quality of decision making among the leaders.
• Also, democracy gives the freedom to experiment, make mistakes and improve upon them.
• Democracy is a type of government which is accountable to people and justifies its actions and policies to the people and is responsible and answerable for the actions it takes, to the citizens.
• Also, in a democracy, the needs and desires of the people play a crucial role as a democratic government is bound to take up actions which are in favour of the public at large or else it can be removed from power.
• Democracy also provides equality of opportunity to hold the power as it’s not a hereditary rule.

2) Respect, Dignity of woman and Restriction to Caste Inequalities are three different aspects that play a very crucial role in the case of democracies. Explain in brief how each of this plays the role.

Ans) Democracy stands at the superior position when it comes to providing the citizens with respect, dignity and equality.

Respect: Respect is a key element  of democracy and respecting the choice of people, providing them with the freedom of choice, speech, expression etc. is a crucial element. Every individual expects respect in return of their acts and activities and democracy,  an age-long from its very inception, has given this notion supreme importance. It provides people with rights that are essential to live in a society with respect and dignity. For example, Article 21 of Indian Constitution guarantees that every citizen has the right to live with dignity. This provision proves as to how much importance is given to this notion.

Dignity of women: For any society to function properly, it is very essential to maintain a proper sex ratio and gender equality. The concept of gender equality generally becomes difficult to be maintained in a patriarchal society like that of India which is majorly male dominated. However,  several provisions have been made which not only take care of the women as a gender but also provides them with dignity, respect and rights. These provisions can only be made in societies where the form of government is democracy as democracy ensures that there is an equal representation of all the sections of the society.

Restriction on caste inequalities: Caste is a topic uniquely found in India where people are divided and discriminated based on castes. However, since India is a democracy and that democracy provides the opportunity of equality to all members of the society and restrains the government on discriminating the citizens of the nation on any basis such as caste, as a result of which an environment of equality is created. The discriminated caste identities are given recognition and benefits to help them avoid discrimination of different forms.

If you have any feedbacks on Outcomes of Democracy Class 10 Civics Chapter 7 Extra Questions and Answers please write us on comment box.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 6 Political Parties covers all Extra Questions and Answers of various types i.e. from short questions to long questions, related to the topic so as to help the students with their preparation by helping them do an in-depth study of the topic.

• This chapter primarily focuses on the nature and working of the political parties in our country.
• The chapter also informs us about the need for political parties in a democracy and talks about the different types of parties, the roles and responsibilities played by them etc.
• The chapter distinguished between state parties and national parties and also gives us information regarding a few national parties like CPIM, BJP, INC etc. in brief.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 6 Extra Questions are Answered in detail by our team of experts which includes teachers and professionals. These solutions have been compiled in an easy to understand manner, keeping in mind, the perspective of strong, and weak students. We are providing NCERT Solutions for Class 10 all subjects which can be accessed by clicking here.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 6 Extra Questions and Answers – Very Short Type Questions: [1-2 marks]

1) In some countries such as _______ members and supporters of a party choose its candidates.

Ans) the USA

2) Parties put forward _________ and _______ and voters choose from them.

Ans) Policies, Programmes

3) A government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the _________.

Ans) Ruling Party

4) ______ play a decisive role in making laws for the country.

Ans) Parties

5) Parties who lose the elections yet fall into the second position play the role of _________.

Ans) Opposition

6) Name a country which has a one-party system.

Ans) China

7) Name a country which has a multi-party system.

Ans) India

8) Name the three major alliance of India in the parliamentary elections of 2004

Ans) National Democratic Alliance, United Progressive Alliance, Left Front

9) How many recognized national parties were there in the country in the year 2018?

Ans) Seven

10) _______ is known as one of the oldest parties of India and was formed in the year 1885.

Ans) Indian National Congress

11) In which year did the Nationalist Congress Party form?

Ans) 1999

12) CPIM is a party which believes in the ideology of _________ and was founded in the year _______.

Ans) Marxism- Leninism, 1964

13) Kanshi Ram was the leader of the ______ party which was founded in the year 1984.

Ans) Bahujan Samaj Party

14) The All India Trinamool Congress was launched in 1998 under the leadership of _______.

Ans) Mamta Banerjee

15) Name two state parties.

Ans) Samajwadi Party, Rashtriya Dal

Class 10 Civics Chapter 6 Extra Questions and Answers – Short Type Questions: [2-4 marks]

1) What are the three components of a political party?

Ans) The three main components of a political party are as follows:

• The leader
• The active members
• The followers

2) What is meant by the terms partisan and partisanship?

Ans) The term partisan refers to a person who is strongly committed to a particular party or a group, whereas on the other hand, partisanship refers to the tendency being bias towards a particular side and the problem of indecision to take a particular choice. 

3) What role is played by the opposition parties?

Ans) After the ruling party the second most important body is the opposition party as the opposition party plays a very crucial role in a democratic system and helps in maintaining the very essence of democracy.

The opposition party voices its opinions and suggestions, criticizes the government, it helps in bringing out any negative aspects of the government and puts forwards the needs and demands of the people in front of the government.

4) Define the terms one-party system and two-party systems.

Ans) When in a particular country only one main political party rules and gets elected every time with no particular opposition then that country is said to have a one-party or a bi party system.

On the other hand, where two parties are present and one among them chosen to give the people a real choice to select one over the other then the country is said to have a two-party system.

5) What do you mean by a multi-party system?

Ans) When several parties compete for power and when more than two parties have a judicious chance of coming to power either on their strength or by allying with others then that country can be said to have a multi-party system. Example India has a multi-party system.

6) What is meant by the term defection?

Ans) Defection can be defined as a method of changing an alliance to political parties by political leaders like MPs MLAs etc. for some personal benefits or selfish needs. The constitution was also amended to prevent this as it leads to instability of the particular party.

7) What do you mean by an affidavit?

Ans) It can be defined as a legal document where a person makes sworn statement disclosing their personal information that is being signed and submitted to an officer as proof.

8) Which party played a significant role in the period of Independence of the nation. By whom was this party founded and what was its main ideology?

Ans) Indian National Congress(INC) played a very significant role during the Independence of the nation. This party was founded under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. The party is centrist by ideology and believes in the concept of secularism and welfare of weaker and marginalized sections of the society.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 6 Extra Questions and Answers – Long Type Questions: [4-6 marks]

1) Name and define the two different types of parties. What are the special advantages given to the recognized political parties?

Ans)

• All around the globe, democracies have two different types of political parties. Firstly, parties that are present in only one federal unit and secondly parties which are present in several or all federal units. India also has a similar system where a few parties are present throughout the nation and in almost all the states of the nation. These parties are known as national parties. These parties have their units in different states of the country and all the units generally follow the same set of rules, ideologies, policies, and Programmes.
• While all parties have to register themselves with the election commission to take part in the election process, not all parties are treated similarly.
• The bigger national parties always get some extra benefits and preference over other parties. These large and established parties are given unique symbols which can be used only by the official candidates. They also get recognized by the election commission for these special symbols.
• However, not all parties are accepted as national parties and there are special criteria laid down for this recognition. According to the criteria, any party that secures at least 6 per cent votes of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections or wins assembly elections in at least 4 states and wins at least 4 seats in the Lok sabha is recognized as a national party.
• On the other hand, parties which can successfully secure at least six per cent of the total votes in an election to the legislative assembly of a state and wins at least 2 seats are recognized as a state party.

2) Name any 2 national parties of India and write about them in brief.

Ans) All India Trinamool Congress (AITC), and National Congress Party (NCP) are a few among the seven recognized national parties of India as accepted by the election commission in the year 2018.

All India Trinamool Congress (AITC):

• This party was launched in the year 1998 under the leadership of Mamta Banerjee.
• The party is identified by its unique symbol of flowers and grass and was recognized as a national party in the year 2016.
• The party strongly believes in the ideologies of secularism and federalism.
• This party has been in power in the state of West Bengal since 2011 and also has a strong presence in the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Tripura.
• The party could successfully secure 3.84% of votes in the general election of 2014 winning 34 seats in total which made it the fourth largest party of Lok sabha.

National Congress Party(NCP):

• This party was formed in the year 1999 after the congress party suffered a split owing to controversies and conflict in their ideologies.
• Promotes the concept of democracy, Gandhian secularism, equity, social justice and federalism.
• It believes in the practice of providing the highest offices of the nation to the natural-born citizens of the country.
• It occupies a very dominant position in the state of Maharashtra and also has its significant presence in the states of Meghalaya, Manipur and Assam.
• It is a member of the United Progressive Alliance since the year 2004.

3) What do you know about the political party which is currently in power? (BJP)

Ans) Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP):

• This party was founded in the year 1980 after the earlier party of Bhartiya Jana Sangh was dissolved and was formed by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee in the year 1951.
• It aimed at building a strong and modern India by taking inspiration from Deendayal Upadhya’s idea of integral humanism and Antyodaya.
• It believes in the ideology of Cultural nationalism or Hindutva and also considers the concept of Indian nationhood and politics as very important.
• It wants to establish a uniform civil code and integration of Jammu and Kashmir with the main national and also want to ban the concept of religious controversies.
• It came to power for the first time in the year 1998 as the leader of NDA i.e. national democratic alliance.
• It also emerged as the largest party with a total of 282 members in the year 2018 and currently leads the NDA government to rule the centre.

If you have any feedbacks on Political Parties Class 10 Civics Chapter 6 Extra Questions and Answers please write us on comment box.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements covers all Extra Questions and Answers of various types i.e. from short questions to long questions, related to the topic so as to help the students with their preparation by helping them do an in-depth study of the topic.

• This chapter tells us that how those who exercise power are constrained by the influence and pressure exerted on them.
• The chapter showcases how struggle around conflicting demands and pressures shape democracy and the indirect ways of influencing politics, through pressure groups and movements.
• The chapter also talks about the Nepal’s Movement for democracy, Bolivian water war, and Narmada Bachao Andolan in brief.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 5 Extra Questions are Answered in detail by our team of experts which includes teachers and professionals. These solutions have been compiled in an easy to understand manner, keeping in mind, the perspective of strong, and weak students. We are providing NCERT Solutions for Class 10 all subjects which can be accessed by clicking here.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 5 Extra Questions and Answers – Very Short Type Questions: [1-2 marks]

1. Name the king of Nepal who was not ready to accept the democratic rule.

Ans) King Gyanendra

2. What is the full form of the term SPA?

Ans) Seven Party Alliance

3. Who was chosen as the new prime minister of the interim government in Nepal by the SPA?

Ans) Girija Prasad Koirala

4. In which year was the monarchy abolished in Nepal?

Ans) 2008

5. When did Nepal adopt a new constitution?

Ans) 2015

6. In which year did the Karnataka government set up the Karnataka pulpwood limited?

Ans) 1984

7. In the year 1987, a movement _______ meaning pluck the plant was started as a non-violent protest in Karnataka.

Ans) Kittiko Hachchiko

8. The protest against water privatization in Bolivia was not led by any political party but was led by an organization named ___________.

Ans) FEDECOR

9. _________ are organisations that attempt to influence government policies.

Ans) Pressure Groups

10. Along with SPA, there were also other parties like _______ which did not believe in a parliamentary form of governments.

Ans) Nepalese Communist party

11. Which party was involved in an armed struggle with the Nepali government?

Ans) Nepalese Communist party

12. NAPM or _________ is an organisation of organisations.

Ans) National Alliance for People’s Movement

13. Many democratic governments provide their citizens with the RTI or ________ enacted in the year 2005.

Ans) Right to Information, 2005

14. The _______ movement has planted 30 million trees across Kenya.

Ans) The Green Belt Movement

15. Name two parties which were formed as a result of the social reform movements during the twentieth century.

Ans) DMK, AIADMK (Tamil Nadu)

Class 10 Civics Chapter 5 Extra Questions and Answers – Short Type Questions: [2-4 marks]

1. What were the three demands of the SPA?

Ans) The SPA or the seven-party alliance mainly put forward three demands in front of the king which were as follows:

• Firstly, they wanted restoration of parliament
• Secondly, they wanted power to an all-party government.
• Thirdly they wanted a new constituent assembly.

2. What do you mean by the term Maoists?

Ans) Maoists refer to the people who are communists but believe in the ideology of Mao, the leader of the Chinese revolution. They believe in the process of using violence to get their demands fulfilled. Their main motive can be said as to overthrow the government and establish the rule of peasants and workers for the sake of society.

3. Point out two difference between Nepal’s and Bolivian’s struggle.

Ans) Both the cases of Nepal and Bolivia were similar yet different from each other. Some of the differences between them are as follows:

• The movement in Nepal was to establish democracy whereas in case of Bolivia it was for demanding claims from the democratically elected government.
• In the case of Nepal, the struggle was for the foundations of the country’s politics whereas on the other hand in case of Bolivia it was for one specific policy.

4. What do you mean by pressure groups?

Ans) Pressure groups can be defined as organisations that try to influence government policies. But they do it indirectly. They form an organisation by collaborating with people from different professional and social backgrounds like teachers, students, workers etc. who willingly come together to achieve some common objective.

5. Name a few movements that have taken place in history owing to the demands of the pressure groups.

Ans) Examples of a few past movements are as follows below:

• Narmada Bachao Andolan
• Movement for Right to Information
• Anti-Liquor Movement
• Women’s Movement
• Environmental Movement

6. Point out the main difference between sectional interest groups and public interest groups.

Ans) In general interests’ groups seeks to promote the needs and demands of a particular group of people belonging to the same section. Examples of this type of groups are trade unions, business associations etc. On the other hand, Public interest groups work for the needs and demands of not one group or section of people but the public in general. They represent the common or general need of the people and the members themselves may not be benefitted but they work for the greater good of the society. Example FEDECOR during the Bolivian water war.

7. What is BAMSEF?

Ans) BAMSEF stands for Backward and Minority Communities Employees Federation which is a governmental organisation that conducts campaigns against discrimination and also helps people who suffer due to it. Its principle concern is to work for social justice and equality for all.

8. What do you mean by issue-specific and generic movements?

Ans) When a particular movement seeks to achieve a single objective within a fixed time frame then they can be called as issue-specific movements. When a particular movement aims to achieve a broad goal and this movement when it goes on for a long period then it can be termed as a generic movement.

9. Explain how the Narmada Bachao movement turned into a generic movement?

Ans) Initially the Narmada Bachao movement was started as an issue specific movement which stood for the rights of the villagers who got displaced because of the building of the Sardar Sarovar Dam on Narmada river however slowly and gradually it turned to a generic movement which started questioning the building of any such dams elsewhere in the country and the model of development required by these dams.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 5 Extra Questions and Answers – Long Type Questions: [4-6 marks]

1. How do pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics?

Ans) Pressure Groups and movements exert influence on politics in some ways. A few of them are as mentioned below:

• Firstly, the focus on gaining the support of the common masses and tries to act like their voice and put forwards their opinion and demands in front of the government.
• They carry out several activities like protests, campaigns, filling petition etc. to gain the sympathy of the public and often organizes protest activities like rallies, strikes and campaigns to bring into governments notice the demands of the people.
• Pressure Groups most of the times include influential members and media to grab the attention and get the required publicity to promote their necessities. This leads to mass communication and better results and also puts additional pressure on the government to accept the demands.
• Many times new political parties are formed when people with similar ideologies and demands come together to voice their opinions. For example, The Asom Gana Parishad was formed while fighting of the students against the foreigners.

2. Describe the Bolivian water war in details.

Ans)

• Bolivia a poor country of Latin America had already gained its democracy long back however struggled a lot to demand the rights from the democratically elected government.
• Right to safe drinking water is a very important right and in most countries, it is one of the rights that fall under their fundamental set of rights. The government of Bolivia, however, owing to the pressurization by the World bank gave up its control of the municipal supply of water.
• The country sold its rights to a multi-national company named Cochabamba which led to a severe increase in the water bills.
• The average monthly income of citizens of Bolivia is estimated to be Rs. 5000 where they received an average bill of Rs. 1000 just for the supply of water. As a result, several protests and campaigns started taking place and this came to be known as the Bolivian Water War.

 3. What do you know about the popular movement that took place in Nepal in the year 2006?

Ans)

• Nepal witnesses an extra-ordinary movement in April 2006 to reestablish back democracy. Nepal initially followed the system of constitutional monarchy however after King Birendra was killed in a massacre the new king did not accept this form of government and wanted rule according to his whims and fancies. When in 2005 he dissolved the democratically elected prime minister then the country rose in protest and started this movement to gain back their democracy.
• All major parties formed an alliance which was known as SPA and soon the protests turned into an indefinite strike when the Maoists join the movement.
• Constant curfews, protests and collection of lakhs of people daily finally forced the kind to accept the demands of the people and finally, Girija Prasad was chosen as the newly elected prime minister.
• Also finally in the year 2008 monarchy was abolished and Nepal was established as a democratic nation.

If you have any feedbacks on Popular Struggles and Movements Class 10 Civics Chapter 5 Extra Questions and Answers please write us on comment box.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 4 Gender Caste and Religion covers all Extra Questions and Answers of various types i.e. from short questions to long questions, related to the topic so as to help the students with their preparation by helping them do an in-depth study of the topic.

• This chapter we look at three kinds of social differences i.e. gender, religion and caste that can take the form of social divisions and inequalities.
• The chapter also in each of the case looks at the nature of the division in India and how it gets expressed in politics.
• The chapter provides with an in depth understanding on each of these aspects and take up real life examples to showcase the present day scenario.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 4 Extra Questions are Answered in detail by our team of experts which includes teachers and professionals. These solutions have been compiled in an easy to understand manner, keeping in mind, the perspective of strong, and weak students. We are providing NCERT Solutions for Class 10 all subjects which can be accessed by clicking here.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 4 Extra Questions and Answers – Very Short Type Questions: [1-2 marks]

1. Gender division is a form of _______ seen everywhere but is rarely recognized in the study of politics.

Ans) Hierarchical social division

2. Gender division is not based on biology but ______ and ________.

Ans) Social expectations and stereotypes

3. ________ act pays equal wages for equal work to both men and women.

Ans) Equal Remuneration Act 1976

4. The problem due to religion becomes very acute when religion is expressed in politics in _________ and ________ terms.

Ans) Exclusive, partisan

5. Unlike gender and religion problems related to _______ is unique to India.

Ans) Caste division

6. The caste system was based on _________ of and ________ against outcaste groups.

Ans) Exclusion, discrimination

7. State the percentage of Hindus and Muslim population as according to the 2011 census.

Ans) Hindus: 79.8% Muslims: 14.2%

8. The Census of India mentions about two social groups listed in an official schedule they are known as _______ and ________.

Ans) Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes

9. The scheduled castes are often referred to as _______ and the scheduled tribes are often referred to as ___________.

Ans) Dalits, Adivasis

10. The ________ estimates the population of SCs and STs as 41% i.e. around 2/3^rd of the total population.

Ans) National sample survey 2004-2005

11. A weakening of the position of landlords in the village along with the growth of literacy and other factors has led to the downfall of ________.

Ans) Caste hierarchy

12. _________ society is essentially a male-dominated one.

Ans) Patriarchal

13. ______ % of reservation is made for women in parliament after march 10^th women reservation bill.

Ans) 33%

14. Efforts of political leaders and social reformers like ________ and _________ who advocated and worked to establish a society in which caste inequalities are absent.

Ans) Gandhiji, BR Ambedkar

Class 10 Civics Chapter 4 Extra Questions and Answers – Short Type Questions: [2-4 marks]

1. What do you mean by the sexual division of labour?

Ans) Sexual Division of labour refers to a biased form of labour division where all household and domestic chores (unpaid work) is expected to be the domain and task of women while work related to physical labour and intelligence mainly done outside for which an individual is paid is considered as the domain of men.

2. Name two tasks that are performed exclusively by village women. How the scenario is different in the case of urban women?

Ans) Rural women often perform tasks like fetching water, firewood etc. from forests which are exclusive to the rural sector along with other basic household work like cooking, taking care of child etc. However, on the other hand, women in urban areas who are mainly considered as housewives or homemakers are expected to perform tasks like teaching their children, cooking for the family, taking care of elders and children and other household work. Owing to the developed areas urban women do not require to travel miles for fetching water and firewood. In urban areas with the development and progress women have now started doing work outside their households for which they are paid.

3. What do you mean by feminist movements?

Ans) Women’s role in political life is comparatively low as compared to that of men. Earlier only men were allowed to participate in public affairs and other job-related sectors. Gradually the problem of gender bias was raised in politics and several social and political protests were witnessed throughout the world. There were several agitations which demanded equal representation of women in the political field, these agitations also demanded equal educational, legal and career opportunities for women. Even more radical movements demanded equality in personality and life as well. These movements came to be known as feminist movements.

4. What is society’s definition of an ideal woman? Do you agree or disagree with the notion?

Ans) Society has created its stereotypical definition of ideal women for different aspects of life. For example, an ideal housemaker is expected to be a soft, subtle, submissive, person who knows how to make compromises and looks after every need of the family. They are expected to wake up the earliest and get to bed, at last, cook for the entire family, teach their children, take care of the elderly in the house, do rest of the household chores and be a personality who is loved by all. Again even in today’s world when women are breaking the old norms and have started to work outside their households they are still expected to be the only one responsible for all the household chores, along with taking care of the children.

However, the above notion that society has regarding women seems to be inappropriate as they have every right to choose the life of their choice, to rest and to work outside their households without any extra burden. Household chores should be shared equally among all members of the house and she should be given the freedom of being herself rather than being forced to fit into the definitions and expectations of the society.

5. What problems are faced in the political field by women especially in India? How can this problem be solved?

Ans) Women since decades have significantly low representation rates in case of politics. In India proportion of women in the legislature has been very low ever since. For example, the percentage of women in Lok Sabha has touched 14.26% for the first time in 2019. Their total share in the state assemblies is less than 5%. The cabinet of ministers is mostly all men even when the chief minister or prime minister is a woman. These problems can be solved by providing women with an equal representation via reserving some seats particularly for them in the field of politics. The Panchayati raj system already has reserved 1/3^rd of its seats for women and a similar demand has been made for Lok Sabha which bill is pending for than a decade. If bills like these are approved faster then, the condition can be changed significantly.

6. Religious differences are often expressed in the field of politics. Justify the following statement.

Ans) The institute of religion has always played a very crucial role in the field of politics. However, when politics start revolving completely around religion then it takes the shape of communalism which creates the problem of religious differences as the ruling party starts favouring one religion over the other leading to communal riots, and discrimination against the other religion. A desire for dominance one’s religion widens the differences among different religion as both parties involved in a conflict of proving one’s religion as the best.  As a result of all these, the social, economic and political development lags and parties involve themselves just with religious differences and conflicts.

7. What do you mean by communal politics?

Ans) Communal politics is established on the idea that religion is the sole basis of forming a community. It relies on the fact that followers of a particular religion fit in only in the particular community. Their interests, ideas and opinions are also the same. It also believes that people belonging to different religions cannot be a part of the same community and as a result leads to discrimination based on politics.

8. What is meant by hereditary occupational division?

Ans) Unlike other nation the caste identity is unique to India where are mainly divided into four castes based on their occupation and hence it is at times also known as clear division of labour. Hereditary occupational division refers to different jobs done by people mainly depending on their family backgrounds. When generation after generation one particular task is undertaken as an occupation then it becomes the particular caste identity of the family and they fall within the cadre of hereditary occupational division. For example, Brahmins hold the highest position in this hierarchy followed by Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Sudras.

9. What do you mean by the terms urbanization and occupational mobility?

Ans) When people in huge groups who live in rural places migrate to the cities and urban sectors owing to various reasons then it is known as urbanization.

When a particular generation breaks the shackles of heredity occupation and willingly take up some other profession apart from the ones practised by their ancestors then it can be referred to as occupation mobility.

10. What is apartheid?

Ans) It can be defined as a system of racial discrimination predominantly practised in South Africa where the dark skin coloured people were termed as blacks and were victimized against in every aspect by the fair-skinned or whites. The blacks were segregated to a level where they did not receive a quality education or were not allowed to work in developed sectors leading to poor socio-economic status.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 4 Extra Questions and Answers – Long Type Questions: [4-6 marks]

1. State any three points which prove that women still lag behind men in different aspects.

Ans) India ever since history is a male-dominated society and as a result, women lag in almost all the fields owing to the presence of patriarchy.

• Infanticides and Female feticides: Even before the birth of a girl they are killed inside their mother’s womb as they are considered to be a burden on the family. This act also leads to an unfavourable sex ratio.
• Lack of equal opportunities: Even today, in several rural areas, girls are not provided with equal opportunities as boys. They are given less quantity of food and also educational opportunities are not provided.
• Social stigmas: Several social stigmas take away the opportunity of freely being able to live one’s life. In many societies even today widow remarriage is considered to be a sin, divorce of women is not considered as normal and women are blamed for every situation.

2. How secularism helps in solving the problem of communalism.

Ans)

• Way back in 1947 when India got its Independence, the leaders of our nation decided that India would be a secular nation even after maintaining its unique identity of the most diverse nation of the world.
• When politics starts revolving solely around religion then it is referred to as communism and it is a negative feature of politics based on it.
• However, secularism has thoroughly helped to deal with this problem in India as it did not lead the country to fall prey to the communalism by ensuring equality of status of all religions.
• According, to secularism policies there is no official religion of the country and people can freely profess, practice and propagate their religion.
• Also, secularism allows the state to intervene in certain religious matters as the freedom of religion is subjected to reasonable restrictions and in case of any chaotic situation, the state intervenes and takes control.

3. What contribution does the caste system make in case of politics? Are they positive or negative?

Ans) Caste System has both positive and negative effects on politics some of which are as follows:

• Firstly, the Caste system plays a crucial role in bringing out the lower castes forward in election purposes as seats are reserved for candidates belonging to lower, and socio-economically backward classes.
• Caste system helps to identify the needs of people from different caste backgrounds as people identify more with a candidate belonging to their caste and who in turn represent the needs of this set of people.
• However, the caste system is also one of the main ways of discriminating amongst political candidates leading to differential perceptions and opinions in the minds of voters.
• Often muscle power, money clubbed with a higher caste identity can provide a candidate with a better opportunity than one with the opposites.

If you have any feedbacks on Gender Caste and Religion Class 10 Civics Chapter 4 Extra Questions and Answers please write us on comment box.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity covers all Extra Questions and Answers of various types i.e. from short questions to long questions, related to the topic so as to help the students with their preparation by helping them do an in-depth study of the topic.

• The primary focus of this chapter is to bring out the different types characters that people identify themselves with apart from language and religion.
• This chapter focuses on how democracy responds to social differences, divisions and inequalities.
• This chapter also present before the student’s, different cases of various countries around the world like Mexico, Yugoslavia etc. to showcase the world scenario on the same.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 3 Extra Questions are Answered in detail by our team of experts which includes teachers and professionals. These solutions have been compiled in an easy to understand manner, keeping in mind, the perspective of strong, and weak students. We are providing NCERT Solutions for Class 10 all subjects which can be accessed by clicking here.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 3 Extra Questions and Answers – Very Short Type Questions: [1-2 marks]

1) Name two African American athletes who won gold and bronze medals respectively in the 1968 Olympics.

Ans) Tommie Smith, John Carlos

2) What was the period during which the Civil war in the USA took place?

Ans) 1954-1968

3) In which year did the black power movement emerge?

Ans) 1966

4) What can be termed as the main origin of social differences?

Ans) Accident of birth

5) Give an example of one social difference which is not based on the accident of birth.

Ans) Atheism

6) The difference between Blacks and Whites in America is a case of ————-

Ans) Social Division

7) Which group in India was the most discriminated against?

Ans) Dalits

8) ______ bring with them their own culture and tend to form a different social community.

Ans) Migrants

9) Countries like Germany and Sweden were once highly ______ but are recently undergoing a rapid changing owing to migrants.

Ans) Homogeneous

10) Political competition along religious ending ethnic lines led to the disintegration of ______ into six independent countries.

Ans) Yugoslavia

11) In the year _________ the nationalists and the UK government signed a peace treaty to suspend the armed movement.

Ans) 1998

12) In a democracy ________ of social divisions is normal and can be healthy.

Ans) Political democracy

13) Sometimes, social differences can take the form of an unacceptable level of _______ and ______.

Ans) Social inequality, Injustice

14) History shows ________ is the best way to fight for recognition and also to accommodate diversity.

Ans) Democracy

15) Name a country where both linguistic, as well as religious conflict, exists.

Ans) Sri Lanka

16) _________ is a type of society that has a similar kind of people, especially with no significant ethnic differences.

Ans) Homogeneous

Class 10 Civics Chapter 3 Extra Questions and Answers – Short Type Questions: [2-4 marks]

1) Talk about two gestures what were performed in 1968 Olympics to attract international attention towards the racial discrimination prevalent in America.

Or,

Write in brief the story of medal ceremony of the 200 meters’ race in 1968 Olympics.     

Ans)

• African American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos who were winners of gold and silver medals in an Olympic race while receiving their awards wore black socks and no shoes to represent black poverty. They wore black gloves and raised their hands with clenched fists symbolizing black power.
• To support the two athletes silver medalist Peter Norman wore a human rights badge on his shirt during the ceremony. All these gestures by different athletes aimed at attracting international attention towards racial discrimination prevalent in America.

2) Did the Olympic committee approve of the gestures of the three athletes? Were any actions taken for or against their gestures?

Ans) The Olympic committee did not approve of the actions of the athletes and severe actions were taken against them as according to the association the gestures put forward by the athletes violated the Olympic spirit as it made a political statement. They were criticized a lot back in their hometown as well and also their medals were taken back. Smith who supported the two African Americans in their movement was also disqualified for the next time’s Olympic as a punishment.

3) What do you know about the civil rights movement of the USA that took place during the period 1954-1968?

Ans) A civil rights movement took place in the USA during the period 1954-1968 to abolish racial discrimination against African Americans. This movement was led by Martin Luther King Junior and accomplished non-violent methods of civil disobedience against the racially discriminatory laws and practices, This, was a movement to protect the African Americans who were mainly the progenies of Africans brought as slaves during 17^th and 18^th centuries.

4) Social diversity can take different forms in different societies. Justify the statement with examples.

Ans) Social diversity can be defined as a concept of acceptance and respect for different social groups if managed wisely and in this concept, people are divided based on religion, caste, class or culture.

• However, over the years’ different types of social diversities has been witnessed for example in Sri Lanka they existed a linguistic diversity where majority population was that of Sinhalas and minority was that of Tamils which led to a conflict like situation resulting in a war because the diversity was not managed successfully by the government.
• On the other hand, Belgium had a mixed composition with Dutch, French and German speakers however owing to the government’s successful policies they could survive this difference with ease and lived in harmony and peace.

5) What do you mean by the term Black Power?

Ans) It was a type of movement which mainly emerged during the year 1966 and lasted till 1975 and was known to be a more militant, anti-racist movement. It did not prevent the usage of violence during protests and disobedience measures, rather supported it in case of necessity to end the racial discrimination in the country.

6) Social differences divide similar people from one another, but also unite very different people. Justify the following statement by giving examples.

Or,

Give one example to show how we all have more than one identity.

Ans) The above statement that social differences divide similar people and unite different people is true as every individual has several identities which are different in different contexts. For example, a person who is a Hindu belongs to a rich family and is an Indian can be both similar and different from a person who is a Christian, belongs to a poor family and is an Indian. In this case, both the people are different as they belong to different religion and different social classes however both share the same national identity and hence are similar to each other along with the fact that both are categorized under the same nationality of being an Indian citizen.

7) Overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions. Justify the statement with an example.

Ans) The above statement can be proved as true if we consider the case of Northern Ireland and the Netherlands where on one hand there is a dark history of racial discrimination between the two groups i.e. the Catholics and the Protestants while on the other hand there is a group who cut across each other through social differences and there is no such discrimination as both groups are considered equal and privileges and crises are not based on religious division. As a result of which people of Northern Ireland who have the dark history suffer deep social divisions and tensions whereas people of Netherlands accommodate themselves in harmony and peace.

8) What are the two criteria on which social differences are based upon?

Ans) Social differences are mainly based on two different criteria.

• Firstly, it is based on the accident of birth where people are born into certain cultures, class, community etc. and as a result of which they differ from a particular group owing to their birth conditions.
• Secondly, social differences are also based on choices i.e. if the one who is born into Christian family later on willingly chooses to change his religion to Buddhism then willingly identifies himself with a particular social group and differs from another.

9) State the basic ethnic composition of the population of Northern Ireland.

Ans) The population of the country is divided into two major sects of Christianity with 53 per cent of the population being Protestants represented by Unionists and 44 per cent being Roman Catholics mainly represented by Nationalist parties. Both the groups had contradictory demands making the country become a victim of violent and bitter ethnopolitical conflict.

10) What do you mean by Crosscutting difference? Give one example to support your answer.

Ans) When in a country or state class and religion overlap each other and where one particular group is not considered as inferior to the other or is not discriminated against because of their social identity then it can be termed as cross-cutting difference. Example in the Netherlands even though people were divided into two different groups yet they did not end up in a conflict situation as opportunities are equal for all and there is no discrimination based on social identity.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 3 Extra Questions and Answers – Long Type Questions: [4-6 marks]

1) State three differences between the Civil Rights Movement and Black Power Movement that took place in America.

Ans)

• The Civil rights movement started in the year 1954 and lasted until the year 1968, while the Black Power Movement took place from 1966 to 1975.
• The Civil Rights Movement was non-violent and used peaceful disobedience methods to address the issue of racial discrimination. On the other hand, however, the Black Power Movement believed that if required usage of violence was justified to eradicate the issue of racial discrimination from the nation.
• The Civil Rights Movement was led by Martin Luther King Junior, on the other hand, the Black Lives Movement was led by different militants.

2) Social Divisions of one kind or the other exist in most countries. Explain with examples. (CBSE 2016, 2017).

Ans) Social divisions of some type or the other exist in almost all nations of the world be it the case of India or some other country.

• People having the same national identity have different caste class religious identities. Or people having same caste, class identities have different national identities.
• Social identities are also often based on religion and this particular feature holds the powers of uniting them and dividing the world population.
• Linguistic social divisions are also common and have been witnessed in many countries like Belgium, Sri Lanka. Etc. However, it also has different histories with different nations. While on one hand Belgium emerged as a successful linguistically diverse nation Sri Lanka’s diversity lead to civil war between the two groups.
• Countries like India has also witnessed a huge diversity in all spheres be it in case of religion or languages, class or caste India witnessed all. However, India has successfully managed all these diversities and kept the people of its nation united despite so much diversity.
• Also, migration of people from one nation to others has led to numerous social divisions which have been well tackled in some countries while in some it had led to a situation of conflict. Example Yugoslavia.

3) Point out two negative and two positive effects in which social divisions affect politics. (CBSE 2016, 2017)

Ans) Social divisions have a wide range of effects on Politics which can be both negative as well as positive.

• For example, in the case of Yugoslavia owing to the political competition based on religion and ethnicity has led to the disintegration of the country into 6 independent parts or nations.
• However, in the case of Belgium people belonging to different linguistic groups identified themselves with a common identity of their nationality which has led to peace and harmony of the groups.
• Again, the case of North Ireland which led to a clash and conflict-like situation in the country between the Christian groups the Catholics and Protestants who divided themselves into nationalists and unionists and resulted in a severe clash almost leading to an armed protest if not mediated at the right time.
• While on the other hand, we have the example of India where people from all types of social backgrounds, class, caste, religion, etc. live together in harmony under the common identity of belonging to the same nation and making the nation rank the topmost as a democracy with such a huge diversity.

If you have any feedbacks on Democracy and Diversity Class 10 Civics Chapter 3 Extra Questions and Answers please write us on comment box.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 2 Federalism covers all Extra Questions and Answers of various types i.e. from short questions to long questions, related to the topic so as to help the students with their preparation by helping them do an in-depth study of the topic.

• This chapter mainly talks about the vertical division of power i.e. the hierarchy where the center is at the top followed by the state and finally the districts or panchayats.
• The chapter focuses to make the students understand the general concept of federalism and also puts the emphasis on the third tier of federalism which is a new addition to the structure.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 2 Extra Questions are Answered in detail by our team of experts which includes teachers and professionals. These solutions have been compiled in an easy to understand manner, keeping in mind, the perspective of strong, and weak students. We are providing NCERT Solutions for Class 10 all subjects which can be accessed by clicking here.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 2 Extra Questions and Answers – Very Short Type Questions: [1-2 marks]

1) Which country’s constitution’s key feature was to reduce the power of the central government and give powers to the regional government?

Ans) Belgium

2) Belgium shifted from a unitary to a _______ form of government after changes of 1993.

Ans) Federal

3) Name one country which has a unitary form of government.

Ans) Sri Lanka

4) ________ is a system of government where power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.

Ans) Federalism

5) _______ out of 193 countries in the world have federal political systems.

Ans) 25

6) Under ______ system either there is only one level of government or the subunits are subordinated to the central government.

Ans) Unitary

7) Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its jurisdiction in specific matters of _______, _________ and _______.

Ans) Legislation, administration, taxation

8) An ideal federal system has both aspects of ______ and ________.

Ans) Mutual trust, agreement to live together

9) What are the two different types of a federation?

Ans) Coming together and Holding together federations

10) ________ is the area over which someone has legal authority.

Ans) Jurisdiction

11) After Independence and several princely states becoming a part of the country, the constitution declared India as a _______.

Ans) Union of states

12) Name any three subjects of national importance which are included in the union list.

Ans) Defence, Foreign Affairs, Banking

13) Name three subjects of local importance and are included in the state list.

Ans) Commerce, Agriculture, Irrigation

14) Powers of subjects like computer software which came up after the constitution was made reside with the union government subjects known as ________.

Ans) Residuary subjects

15) Name any states of India which enjoy special powers because of their particular social and historical circumstances.

Ans) Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh

16) Which article provides special powers to states like Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland etc. because of their particular social and historical circumstances.

Ans) Article 371

17) Name two union territories of India.

Ans) Chandigarh, Lakshadweep

18) _______ plays an important role in overseeing the implementation of constitutional provisions and procedures.

Ans) Judiciary

19) __________ in Rajasthan is the place where India conducted its nuclear tests.

Ans) Pokhran

20) Name two states which were created based on culture, ethnicity, or geography and not on a linguistic basis.

Ans) Nagaland, Jharkhand

21) Besides Hindi, there are _______ languages recognized as scheduled languages by our constitution.

Ans) 21

22) Name the language which is spoken the most after Hindi.

Ans) Bengali

23) All the panchayat samities and mandals in a district together constitute the ________.

Ans) Zilla Parishad

24) The municipal chairperson is the head of the ________. While in a municipal corporation such an officer is known as ________.

Ans) Municipality, Mayor

25) Who administers a district and what is the other name he is known as?

Ans) Collector, District magistrate

26) Which state of India has its constitution?

Ans) Jammu Kashmir

Class 10 Civics Chapter 2 Extra Questions and Answers – Short Type Questions: [2-4 marks]

1) What is federalism and what are the two levels of government under it?

Ans) Federalism can be defined as an arrangement of government in which the power is distributed between the central authority and various constituent units of the country. It has usually two levels of government both of which enjoy individual power. The two governments are:

• Firstly, the administration for the entire country that is responsible for a few subjects of common national interest.
• The next is the government at the level of province or state that is responsible for the daily administration of the state matters.

2) What are the two kinds of roots through which federation are formed?

Ans) There are mainly two kinds of roots through which federations are formed. They are as follows:

• The first root encompasses of autonomous states coming together on their own to form a larger unit so that by heaving sovereignty and recollecting identity they can upsurge their security. This kind of coming together federation is seen in countries like the USA, Switzerland and Australia.
• The second route is where a country chooses to distribute its power between the constituent states and the national government. India, Spain, Belgium are a few examples of this type of federation.

3) What happens in a holding together and a joining together federation?

Or

India comes under which type of federation and why? (CBSE 2014)

Ans) In case of a coming together federation, all constituent states customarily have equal power and are strong concerning the federal government.

In a joining together federation the central government inclines to be more powerful concerning the states i.e. often different constituent units of the federation have unequal powers and some units are granted special powers.

4) What is the three different types of federalism practised in India?

Ans) Originally our constitution provided only a two-tier system which consisted of the Central or Union government and state governments. However, later a third tier was added consisting of the municipalities and the panchayats. All these three tires enjoy separate jurisdiction and a clear distribution of power.

5) Describe the three-fold distribution of legislative power.

Or

Describe the three forms of power-sharing among different organs of government in India. (CBSE 2014)

Ans) The three-fold distribution of legislative power between the union government and the state government as provided by the constitution contains three lists mentioned as follows:

Union list: This list has a power related to subjects of national importance like that of finance, defence etc. and the power of decision-related to this subjects lies with the central government only as a unified policy system is required for all these subjects.

State list: This list provides powers related to subjects that are of local importance like agriculture, trade commerce etc. and these powers lies with the state government.

Concurrent list: This list provides powers related to subjects like marriage, forests etc. and decisions related to these subjects can be taken by both central and state government.

6) What do you mean by a coalition government?

Ans) When none of the leading political parties can secure their ruling position alone then two or more than two parties come together to form a political alliance which can be termed as a coalition. For example, our current government led by BJP is also a coalition of the head party along with 45 other parties.

7) State two reasons which enable us to call India a federal nation.

Ans) India is a federal nation and we can call it so because of the following reasons:

• Firstly, the Indian constitution had provided for a two-tier system of the government which was later upgraded to three tiers after addition of panchayats and municipalities.
• Secondly, the constitution has also divided the powers almost uniformly and distributed it in the form of three lists the union, the state and the concurrent list.

8) What do you mean by decentralization? What was the condition before the 1992 constitutional amendment?

Ans) When a certain set of powers are taken away from the central and state governments and are provided to the local government then this process of giving and take is known as decentralization.

Before the constitutional amendment of 1992 provisions for conducting regular timely elections were not present. Also, the local bodies did not possess any individual powers and were dependent on state and central government for complete aid.

9) Give a hierarchical representation of the rural or local self-government in India.

Ans)

10) What are the dual objectives of a federal government?

Ans) The federal system of government has dual objectives. They are as follows:

• To safeguard and promote the unity of the country.
• To accommodate regional diversity.

11) What other factors besides politics keep the federations united? (CBSE 2015)

Ans) Apart from politics, there are other factors which help in keeping the federations united. Few of them are culture, ideology and history. Culture of trust, cooperation, mutual respect and restraint has also facilitated in the even functioning of nations. Apart from these, language also plays a very crucial role in keeping federation united especially if a language policy like that of India is adopted.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 2 Extra Questions and Answers – Long Type Questions: [4-6 marks]

1) Mention any 5 key features of the federal form of government.

Ans) The following are the features of a federal government.

• In a federal government, there are two or more levels of government among whom powers are distributed evenly.
• Different tiers govern the same set of citizens however they have their jurisdictions the authority of which is guaranteed by the constitution in matters of taxation, administration and legislation.
• The fundamental provisions cannot be changed or nurtured with based on the will of anyone specific tier of government and always has to be a joint consent.
• Courts are given the highest power in case of disputes and their decision is considered to be final in case of any disputes among the different tiers of government.
• Revenue and financial sources are specified for each tier to ensure a system of financial autonomy.

2) State 4 important feature of the language policy of India.

Ans) In 1947 the boundaries of different states of our country were remarked on a linguistic basis. India’s language policy has certain features which are mentioned below:

• Our constitution has not denoted any language as the national language of our nation.
• Hindi along with English has been adopted as official languages to fulfil the demand of the south Indian states.
• Hindi along with 21 other languages has been recognized as scheduled languages to maintain the separate identity and give equal importance to other languages apart from the most spoken language.
• States are given the freedom of choosing their official language.

3) State 4 steps that were taken to make the third tier of democracy stronger in the year 1992.

Or

Why is decentralization favoured in a democracy? Identify any two reasons. (CBSE 2014)

Or

Which four provisions of the constitutional amendment of 1992 strengthened the third tier of democracy in India? Explain. (CBSE 2015, 2013, 2012)

Ans) Before the 1992 constitutional amendment, the third tier i.e. the local governments consisting of panchayats and municipalities did not have their powers however in 1992 after the decentralization took place the following steps were taken to improve their status.

• Firstly, the process of election was regularized and mandatory elections were to be held as per the instructions.
• Certain seats were reserved for socially and economically backward classes like the scheduled tribes and scheduled castes to make the process fairer, along with mandatory one-third reservation for women.
• An independent institution was formed in each state which was known as the state election commission.
• Certain powers along with some revenue amount for support was made mandatory for every state government to give to their local governments.

4) Explain the structure of the new Panchayati Raj institutions

Ans)

• Rural local government or democratic decentralization is known as Panchayati raj system.
• The gram panchayat is mandatorily set up in every village or at least in every group of villages.
• Sarpanch the head of the gram panchayat is elected directly by every adult member of the village who is a part of the gram sabha.
• The local structure goes up to the district level which consists of a group of Gram Panchayats who in turn form a Panchayat Samiti or a Mandal who in turn groups together and constitutes the Zilla Parishad which consists of the elected members.

If you have any feedbacks on Federalism Class 10 Civics Chapter 2 Extra Questions and Answers please write us on comment box.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Power Sharing covers all Extra Questions and Answers of various types i.e. from short questions to long questions, related to the topic so as to help the students with their preparation by helping them do an in-depth study of the topic.

• This is the introductory chapter of the class 10 book which focuses on the importance of power sharing among the different organs of the government.
• The chapter highlights stories of power sharing of two different nations i.e. Sri Lanka and Belgium and the pro and cons of their type of structure.
• It also talks about the various forms of power sharing possible and gives an overview of the concept.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Extra Questions are Answered in detail by our team of experts which includes teachers and professionals. These solutions have been compiled in an easy to understand manner, keeping in mind, the perspective of strong, and weak students. We are providing NCERT Solutions for Class 10 all subjects which can be accessed by clicking here.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Extra Questions and Answers – Very Short Type Questions: [1-2 marks]

1) Belgium is a small country in Europe which shares its boundaries with _______, _______, _______ and ________.

Ans) France, Netherlands, Germany, Luxemburg

2) Which country presented a special problem since the Dutch-speaking people of the country were the majority in number in the rest parts of the nation however minority in the capital.

Ans) Brussels

3) ________ is an island nation just a few kilometres off the southern coast of Tamil Nadu.

Ans) Sri Lanka

4) State the percentage of Sinhala and Tamil Speakers in Sri Lanka.

Ans) Sinhala: 74% and Tamil: 18%

5) Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in the year ______.

Ans) 1948

6) _______ reason stresses that power-sharing will bring out better outcomes while ______ reasons emphasize the very act of power-sharing.

Ans) Prudential, Moral

7) In modern democracies, power is shared among different organs of the government and they are the _______, ______ and ________.

Ans) Executive, Legislature, Judiciary

8) A general government for the entire country is known as ______.

Ans) Federal Government

9) Division of power having higher and lower levels of governments is known as _________.

Ans) Vertical Division of Power

10) Name two of Russia’s important political parties.

Ans) The union of Right Forces, The Liberal Yabloko Movement

11) _______ measure was adopted by the democratically elected government to establish Sinhala supremacy in Sri Lanka.

Ans) Majoritarian

12) Name the state religion of Sri Lanka.

Ans) Buddhism

13) _______ percentage of people speak the German language in Belgium.

Ans) Only 1%

14) Sinhala was recognized as the only official language of Sri Lanka after an act passed in the year _________.

Ans) 1956

15) _________ can be considered as a good example of power-sharing among different social groups in Belgium.

Ans) Community Government

16) System of ________ has been adopted in India to give representation to socially and economically backward classes in government institutions.

Ans) Reserved Constituencies

Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Extra Questions and Answers – Short Type Questions: [2-4 marks]

1) Give two different sets of reasons in favour of power-sharing.

Or

How far do you agree with the statement that power-sharing is keeping with the spirit of democracy? (CBSE 2012)

Ans) Power-sharing can be described as the most important feature of democracy because of the following reasons:

• The feature of power-sharing helps in minimizing the likelihoods of clashes among various political and social groups and also protects the government from turning into an authoritarian ruler.
• In a democracy, people must get to know about their queries regarding the steps taken by the government and when there is a system of power-sharing then the government becomes more responsible as there are other organs of powers who can otherwise charge the government for not being responsible and answering the queries of the people.

2) What is the horizontal distribution of power?

Or

What is known as the system of Checks and Balances? (CBSE 2015)

Ans) Horizontal distribution of power refers to the sharing of powers among the three different organs of the government i.e. the Executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary. It is called so because it allows different organs of government to be placed at the same level to exercise a different set of powers. This type of separation ensures a system of checks and balances and restricts accumulation of powers to one particular organ and as a result, helps to keep the notion of democracy alive.

3) What is meant by Majoritarianism?

Or

Sri Lanka adopted many majoritarian rules to enhance the importance of the Sinhala community. What do you mean by the term Majoritarianism?

Ans) Majoritarianism can be defined as a belief where the majority community is given more importance and respect and is also allowed to rule the country according to their wishes and fancies disregarding the needs and desires of the minority community. Example: Sri Lanka.

4) What do you mean by the term Ethnic? Give two examples.

Ans) When a social separation is based on communal beliefs and people belonging to this particular group have faith in each other’s common ancestries owing to some physical or cultural similarities who might or might not have the same religion or nationality can be termed as an ethnic group. For example, Indo Aryans and Dravidians of India.

5) Mention any two different forms of power-sharing that we come across in Democracies.

Ans) Power sharing is one of the most important features of democracy which helps to maintain a system of checks and balances. There are many ways in which power is shared in a democracy, some of which are mentioned below:

• Horizontal Distribution of Power: When power is shared among the three different organs of government i.e. the legislature, the executive and the judiciary.
• Vertical Division of power: The vertical division of power includes the different higher and lower levels of government like central government, state government, village panchayats etc.

6) To establish the supremacy of the Sinhala community the government of Sri Lanka took many steps. State any three of them.

Ans) To establish the supremacy of the Sinhala community, the government of Sri Lanka took many majoritarian measures. A few of them are as follows:

• In the year 1956, an act was passed which recognized Sinhala as the only official language.
• The government followed preferential policies for university admissions and government jobs where applicants from the Sinhala community were prioritized.
• The new constitution adopted stipulated that the state was supposed to protect and foster the religion Buddhism.

7) Mention three measures that Belgium took to solve the existing regional and cultural diversities of the nation.

Or

How did Belgium successfully kept its culturally diverse population united?

Ans) To address the existing regional and cultural differences, the Belgian government took many steps. Some of them are as follows:

• An equal number of ministers from both communities of Dutch and French-speaking were given responsibility so that both the groups get equal representation.
• Setting up of community government addressing issues related to culture, education and languages. It included members of all the three communities i.e. Dutch, French and German-speaking.
• Provisions of a fair share of power for both central and state government and equal representation of power in the capital city of Brussels were also among the measures that ensured equality of opportunities for all the communities.

8) What were the reasons behind the strained relationship between the Tamil and the Sinhala communities in Sri Lanka?

Ans)

• The ethnic composition of Sri Lanka consists of 74% Sinhala community and 14% Tamil community, people constituting a clear case of majority of one community over the other. On the other hand, the government of Sri Lanka adopted a few majoritarian measures to establish the supremacy of the Sinhala community over the Tamils leaving them neglected and dissatisfied.
• Discrimination based on religion and culture, biased and preferential policy measures practised in universities and government institutions, adopting a particular official language all made the Tamils feel inferior and ignored.
• Even after repeated protests, narrating their demand for equality, they were not provided with justice as a result of which a civil war between the two communities took place.

All these resulted in the strained relationship of the Tamil community and the Sinhala community.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Extra Questions and Answers – Long Type Questions: [4-6 marks]

1. Explain the ethnic compositions of the following nations:

a) Belgium
b) Sri Lanka

Ans)

• BELGIUM: Belgium is a small country in Europe and shares its borders with France, Netherlands, Germany, and Luxemburg.
• The ethnic composition of this country is very complex owing to the presence of many different communities.
• Of the country’s total population, 59% lives in the Flemish region and speaks the Dutch language. Another 40% of people live in Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining 1% of the Belgians speaks German.
• In the capital city of Brussels, 80% of people speak French while 20% speaks Dutch.
• SRI LANKA: Sri Lanka is also a country with a diverse population. On the one hand, 74% of the population is Sinhala speaking on the other hand 14% are Tamil speaking.
• Among Tamils, there are two subgroups: The Sri Lankan Tamils and the Indian Tamils. Most of the Sinhala speaking community are Buddhists while most of the Tamils are Hindus are Muslims.
• There are a total of 7% Christians in the country from both Tamils and Sinhala Communities.

2) Differentiate between the Belgian and The Sri Lankan democracies.

Or

Compare the different ways in which the Belgians and the Sri Lankans have dealt with the problem of cultural diversity. (CBSE 2012)

Ans) Both Belgium and Sri Lanka are among countries with a mixed and complex ethnic composition. However, the governments of both countries dealt very differently with the issue and while on one hand, one could successfully maintain peace among its citizens the other’s decisions resulted in a civil war. Below are a few points of differences between the two government approaches:

• Belgium adopted a policy of accommodation of all social and economic divisions while the Sri Lankan government adopted a set of majoritarian policies.
• Belgium provided equal representation to both the ethnic communities of Dutch and French while Sri Lanka decided to adopt features for the majority only.
• Belgium provided equal power status to all its communities while Sri Lanka adopted the language of the majority as the official language.
• Belgium set up a third government known as the community government to address issues related to culture language and education while on the other hand, Sri Lankan government decided to safeguard and protect the religion of the majority ignoring the demands of the minority.

3) What were the demands and struggles of the Sri Lankan people?

Or

Explain any three consequences of the majoritarian policies adopted by the Sri Lankan government. (CBSE 2013)

Or

Analyze how Majoritarianism has increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils? (CBSE 2014, CBSE 2015)

Ans) In Sri Lanka, the Tamil speaking community is the minority with only 14% of the total population speaking the language. The Sri Lankan Tamils had the following demands which they wanted their government to fulfil:

• They wanted equality of opportunities for all and ban on the preference system that was carried out during university admissions or government job selection where Sinhala speaking community was given preference over Tamil speaking candidates.
• Tamils wanted recognition of their mother tongue Tamil and demanded equal status and respect for their language as was given to the Sinhala language.
• They also wanted their religion to be equally recognized by the government as was done in case of Buddhism which was the main religion of the Sinhala community.
• Tamils with the help of a few political parties in the year 1980 demanded a separate independent Tamil state.
• As a result of the clash between the two communities, a civil war took place which resulted in massive economic, social and political losses.

If you have any feedbacks on Power Sharing Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Extra Questions and Answers please write us on comment box.