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You are here: Home / Archives for Biology Class 10

Biology Class 10

Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Waste

Arinjay Academy / September 19, 2018

Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Waste

Biodegradable Waste

These kind of waste products are broken down by the action of micro-organisms like Bacteria. This kind of waste decay and Decompose naturally and become harmless after some time. Biodegradable Waste Examples are Cattle Dung, Tea leaves, Wood, Grass, Fruit & Vegetables, Paper, Animal Bones.  These turn into compost after decaying and act as Natural Fertilizers.  They do not normally Pollute the Environment, but if present in a large quantity, those that cannot be Decomposed can pollute the Environment.

[Read more…] about Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Waste

Food chain and Food web in Ecosystem

Arinjay Academy / September 19, 2018

Food chain and Food web in Ecosystem

TRANSFER OF ENERGY

All living organisms require energy in order to survive.  Plants get their energy from Sunlight and Animals get theirs by eating plants or other animals.  This method of obtaining and sustaining energy takes place either in the form of a Food Chain or a Food Web.

FOOD CHAIN

Energy  is transferred from one level to the next in the form of a Food Chain. Plants (Producers) are the chief source from which the transfer originates.  Animals that feed on the plants are in turn fed upon by animals, which in turn get fed on by animal higher in the Hierarchy.  As a result the transfer of energy takes place from plants to animals.  This transfer of energy is called the Food Chain

 

EXAMPLES OF A FOOD CHAIN

 

FOOD WEB

When a large number of Food Chains exist in a Community, then they tend to form a Food Web.  This is an inter-connection of food chains operating in an Ecosystem forming a Network where one organism in dependent on another for its survival.  There is a linkage between various species of producers and consumers, suggesting that the food chains do not operate alone but instead rely on a Network of food chains called a Food Web.

 

TROPHIC LEVELS

A Food Chain represents the level at which organisms live off one another…It shows the transfer of Energy from one step or level to the next.

These steps or levels through which energy transfer takes place are called Trophic Levels, and can take place from the Primary Level to the Tertiary Level or from Producers to Consumers.

 

 

TRANSFER OF ENERGY IN FOOD CHAINS

Energy is not created in the Ecosystem.  It is only converted from one form to another.  Sunlight is the main source or provider of Energy.  Without it Plants (Producers) cannot manufacture their food (Photosynthesis).  The food produced by plants is stored as Chemical Energy and when consumed by Herbivores (Consumers) is transferred and utilized by the Herbivores, which in turn are eaten by Carnivores and Top Carnivores. (Top Consumers)

 

This form of Energy transfer and utilization takes place in the Food Chain at all Trophic Levels and is said to be Unidirectional.   However, not all the energy is utilized and is lost to the Environment as Heat.  This cannot be utilized by the Plants and as a result this flow of energy is said to be Unidirectional.

 

 

 

 

Ecosystem

Arinjay Academy / September 19, 2018

Ecosystem | Components of an Ecosystem

ECOSYSTEM

Ecosystem is a self-contained unit comprising of (Plants, Animals and Decomposers), that make up the living environment and (Soil, Water and Air) that make up the non-living environment.  An Ecosystem requires Sunlight energy for its functioning.  Types of Ecosystems are – Grasslands, Forests, Deserts, Mountains, Ponds, Rivers and Lakes or Seas.

[Read more…] about Ecosystem | Components of an Ecosystem

What is Nastic Movement

Arinjay Academy / September 19, 2018

What is Nastic Movement

What is Nastic Movement?

When the response by a plant to a stimulus is ignored or not directed toward the stimulus, it is called a Nastic Movement.

Generally plants, their entire body, always grow in the direction of the stimulus.  But in nastic movements, parts of the plant tend to behave differently, like the closing of Petals of a flower or the folding of the leaves. This behavior is called Thigmonasty

[Read more…] about What is Nastic Movement

Tropism

Arinjay Academy / September 19, 2018

Tropism | Types of Tropism in Plants

TROPISM

The Growth movement of a plant in response to its stimulus, based on the direction of the stimulus, determines the direction of growth of the plant, referred to as TROPISM.

This Growth pattern of a plant can be based on the nature of the tropism.  If the Plant bends or grows towards the stimulus,  it has a positive effect on growth termed as Positive Tropism.

[Read more…] about Tropism | Types of Tropism in Plants

What are Plant Hormones

Arinjay Academy / September 19, 2018

What are Plant Hormones | Types of Plant Hormones

What are Plant Hormones (PHYTOHORMONES )

Phytos means “Light” as plants respond to sunlight for Growth.

Plant Hormones carry out the Control and Coordination in plants.  They coordinate the plant activities by controlling the growth.

Apart from Growth, Other activities like Stomata Control, Formation of Flowers, Fruit Growth, Ripening of Fruits, Falling of Leaves, are all controlled by the action of Plant Hormones.

[Read more…] about What are Plant Hormones | Types of Plant Hormones

Control and Coordination in Plants

Arinjay Academy / September 19, 2018

Control and Coordination in Plants | Class 10 Biology Notes

Control and Coordination in Plants

Plants unlike Animal respond to different kind of Stimuli. Control and Coordination in Plants is based on the concept of movement.

Although this process involves Photosynthesis, control and coordination is based basically on the response of plants to stimuli which results in Growth.

Like Humans, Special Hormones are involved in the growth of a plant, that help it to react to a particular stimuli.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

The process by which plants manufacture food in the presence of Sunlight, Water and Carbon Dioxide.  This food that is stored is used by the plant in controlling and coordination the movement of the plant with the help of hormones, when they respond to a Stimuli.  Movement in plants is based on the whole body of the Plant changing its position or direction based on the nature of the stimuli.  Unlike Animals, they do not move single body parts in response to a stimulus.

For Coordination and functions to be carried out, there has to be control over the actions and reactions.  Plants can change their behavior against environmental changes by the help of Hormones.  As a result, Plants only use Hormones for Coordination and respond to stimuli by Growing.

DORMANCY AND BREAKING OF DORMANCY

When a Seed, before it develops into a seedling and then a Plant, it is in an sleeping or Dormant stage.  It requires Warmth, Moisture, Air and Hormones to develop.  This is known as Dormancy.

When the Seed acquires these elements, it then develops into a seedling, which then grows into a plant.  The process by which the seed turned and transformed into a Plant, resulted in a process known as “Breaking of Dormancy”.  This was done by the use of the elements acquired.

The sprouting of the seed into the Radicle (root) and Plumule (shoot), were all achieved by the help of hormones.  The Plumule producing buds, leaves and flowers.  All these took place in relation to a response to a stimuli with the help of hormones.

PHYTOHORMONES (Plant Hormones)

Phytos means “Light” as plants respond to sunlight for Growth.

Plant Hormones carry out the Control and Coordination in plants.  They coordinate the plant activities by controlling the growth.

Apart from Growth, Other activities like Stomata Control, Formation of Flowers, Fruit Growth, Ripening of Fruits, Falling of Leaves, are all controlled by the action of Plant Hormones.

There are 4 types of Plant Hormones:

Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Abscisic Acid (ABA)

TYPES OF PHYTOHORMONES

AUXINS

These promote Cell Enlargement and Cell Differentiation.  They promote Fruit Growth.  They Control a plants response to Light and Gravity.  This means that they are Phototropic (help the shoot to respond to light and help it grow upwards towards light) and Geotropic (help the roots to grow down wards towards gravitational pull). They are produced on the tips of Stems and Roots.  They are also used synthetically in Agriculture and Horticulture.

GIBBERELLINS

These like Auxins help promote Cell Enlargement and Cell Differentiation.  They are responsible for the breaking of Dormancy in seeds and buds.  They promote Fruit Growth and also help in the elongation of shoots.

CYTOKININS

These promote Cell Division.  They delay the ageing in Leaves and the Breaking of Dormancy in Seeds and Buds. .  They promote Fruit Growth and also help in the opening of the Stomata.

ABSCISIC ACID (ABA)

These function mainly a Growth Inhibitor. Unlike “Breaking of Dormancy”, ADA hormones help in the Dormancy of seeds and buds.  They also help in the closing of Stomata and in the promotion of Wilting and Falling of Leaves.  It also causes detachment of Flowers and Fruit

PLANT MOVEMENTS

Plants are always rooted or fixed to the ground.  Hence, they cannot move from place to place like animals.

However, parts of the plant, shoot, flowers, fruits, leaves all respond to stimuli and move in that direction.

Plants responds to growth with the help of Auxins.  Depending on the amount of Auxin present within the plant in a particular region, that  portion of the plant will grow faster than the part with less Auxins.  That is why plants bend.

TROPISMS OR TROPIC MOVEMENTS

The Growth movement of a plant in response to its stimulus, based on the direction of the stimulus, determines the direction of growth of the plant, referred to as TROPISM.

This Growth pattern of a plant can be based on the nature of the tropism.  If the Plant bends or grows towards the stimulus,  it has a positive effect on growth termed as Positive Tropism.

If the plant bends and grows away from the direction of stimulus, it has a negative effect on growth termed as Negative Tropism.

PHOTOTROPISM

This is the movement of the plant in response to light.  This is a positive tropism, as the shoot of the plant grows towards sunlight.

GEOTROPISM

This is the movement of the plant in response to Gravity.  This is a positive tropism, as the root of the plant grows downwards into the soil.

CHEMOTROPISM

This is when a plant responds to a Chemical.  It too is a form of positive tropism.  Eg the Pollen tube in a Flower grows toward the Ovules for Fertilization.

HYDROTROPISM

Roots always grow in the direction of the source of water for the development of the plant. In doing so they against the law of Gravity.  They can grow upwards or sideways depending on the water source.  They are said to be Hydrotropic.

THIGMOTROPISM

We may have come across situations or plants, that which upon touching close their leaves.  Some plants have weak stems called Tendrils and use the support of stronger plants by winding around them and helping them grow.  This is an example of positive tropism, as the weaker plant (tendril) responds to the stimulus by clinging and winding on it, enabling it to grow.

NASTIES OR NASTIC MOVEMENTS

When the response by a plant to a stimulus is ignored or not directed toward the stimulus, it is called a Nastic Movement.

Generally plants, their entire body, always grow in the direction of the stimulus.  But in nastic movements, parts of the plant tend to behave differently, like the closing of Petals of a flower or the folding of the leaves. This behavior is called Thigmonasty

In certain cases, the petals of a flower open according to the intensity of light.  The brighter the light, the petals remain open.  If light fades, then the petals close.  This behavior is called Photonasty.

 

 

Neuron

Arinjay Academy / September 19, 2018

Neuron | Parts of a Neuron | Neuron Function | Types of Neurons

Neurons

Neurons are structural and functional units of the Nervous System that carry messages (impulses) in the form of Electrical Impulses.

[Read more…] about Neuron | Parts of a Neuron | Neuron Function | Types of Neurons

Control and Coordination in Animals

Arinjay Academy / September 19, 2018

Control and Coordination in Animals | Class 10 Biology Notes

CONTROL AND COORDINATION IN ANIMALS

  • Control –  Response of Organs
  • Coordination – Working of Organs together
  • How they are related – Handling of Systems in a Body
  • System responsible for both to take place –  Nervous System and its function

[Read more…] about Control and Coordination in Animals | Class 10 Biology Notes

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