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You are here: Home / Archives for Economics Class 12

Economics Class 12

Practice Questions - Maths, Hindi Grammar, Accountancy & Economics

Arinjay Academy / October 24, 2019

Practice Questions – Maths, Hindi Grammar, Accountancy & Economics

At Arinjay  Academy, we work to enhance the skills of students through content and practice questions – Maths, Hindi Grammar, Accountancy, Economics MCQs. We aim to provide equal opportunity to everyone, to realize their dreams, by providing high quality educational content at affordable price or free

[Read more…] about Practice Questions – Maths, Hindi Grammar, Accountancy & Economics

Notes - Maths, Hindi Grammar, Accountancy & Economics

Arinjay Academy / October 24, 2019

Notes – Maths, Hindi Grammar, Accountancy & Economics

Arinjay Academy, is providing Hindi Grammar, Maths, Accountancy and Economics Notes and Video Explanation for Class 3 to 12 Students who may be studying in CBSE Board, ICSE Board and State board.

[Read more…] about Notes – Maths, Hindi Grammar, Accountancy & Economics

What is National Income?

Arinjay Academy / October 21, 2019

What is National Income?

National Income, is a measure of the value of production activity of a country.

This definition raises further questions : –

  • What defines a country ?
  • Who are the citizens of a country ?

[Read more…] about What is National Income?

Stock and Flow concept in macroeconomics

Arinjay Academy / October 21, 2019

Stock and Flow

Meaning of concept Stock:

A stock is the quanity which is measured at a particular point of time e.g Bank balance as on 31st March is Rs 45000, 2015, number of machinery in a factory at given date etc. It influences the flow, Greater a stock of money balance in an account, greater will be the flow during a particular month. It is a static concept and doesn’t have an element of time attached to it.

[Read more…] about Stock and Flow

Different Type of Goods

Arinjay Academy / October 21, 2019

Different Type of Goods

Let’s have a look at different type of goods i.e, Final Goods and Intermediate Goods that we come across in Economics:

Different Type of Goods – Final Goods and Intermediate Goods

Final Goods:

Final Goods are used those goods which are used for final consumption or for capital formation.

[Read more…] about Different Type of Goods

Sanjana Krishnakumar / October 17, 2019

Monopoly in Economics

“Monopoly” is a  market structure which is formed and differentiated from other markets on the basis of number of sellers, substitute of products, procedure for entry and exit etc. It is the strict opposite of perfect competition. Let’s learn more about Monopoly.

Monopoly – Definition

The word ‘Monopoly’ is derived from Greek words ‘mono’ which means single, and ‘polus’ which means seller. Monopoly refers to a market situation where there is a single seller , selling a product which has no close substitutes. For example, Indian railways is a Monopoly  India.

Features of Monopoly

1. Single Seller

Under Monopoly, there is only one seller , who is selling a certain product. Therefore, the monopoly firm (single seller) and industry (since there is only one seller, he would constitute the industry) are the same entities. The monopolist,  has complete control over the supply and price of the product. However, there are large number of buyers of monopoly product,  and no single buyer can influence the market.

2. No Close Substitute

Th product produced by a monopolist has no close substitute.So the firm has no fear of competition from the existing or new  products.

3. Restrictions on Entry and Exit

There are strong barriers to entry of new firms , and exit of existing firm. As a result, a firm under monopoly can earn abnormal profits and losses in the long run. Such barriers might be due to legal limitations like licensing (it is difficult to obtain license) or patent rights (the product made by monopolist is patented which restricts others from producing it)  or due to restrictions created by other firms in form of cartel.

4. Price Discrimination

A monopolist may charge different prices for their product , from different sets of consumers at the same time. It is known as ‘Price Discrimination’. Price discrimination refers to the practice of the seller charging different prices from different buyers at the same time for the same product.

5. Price Maker

Firm and industry are one and the same thing in such a type of market. So, the firm has complete control over the industry output. As a result, monopolist is a price maker and fixes his own price. He can influence the price in the market by changing the supply of the product.

Reasons for Emergence of Monopoly

A firm enjoys monopoly when it is the only seller of a certain product,  and the product has no close substitutes. The fundamental cause of this is the barrier to entry. The reasons for emergence of such a market are –

  1. Government Licensing – It means that before a firm can enter an industry, it needs to take permission from the government. Licensing is used to assure certain minimum standards of competency. By not granting licenses to new firms, the government aims to ensure that only one firm operates in the market.
  2. Patent Rights – Certain big private companies are engaged in research and development activities. At times, they come up with new products or new technologies. As a reward for their risk and investment in research, government grant them patent rights. The period for which patent rights are granted are known as patent life.
  3.  Cartel – Under cartel, some firms retain their individual identities but coordinate their output pricing policy in order to act as a monopoly. The firms agree among themselves to restrict their total output to the level that maximises their joint profit.
  4. Control on Raw Materials – Monopoly also arises due to sole ownership or control of certain essential raw materials required in a particular industry.

Demand Curve under Monopoly

A monopoly firm is like an industry as there is only one single seller that constitutes the entire market for the product, which has no close substitutes. So, a monopolist has full freedom and power to fix the price for the product. However, the demand of the product is not in the control of the firm. In order to increase the output to be sold, the firm will have to lower the price. As a result, the firm faces a downward sloping demand curve.

(graph 1)

In the figure given above, output is measured along the X-axis and revenue and price is measured along the Y-axis. At OP price level, a seller can sell OQ quantity of product. As the price is reduced to OP1, demand rises to OQ1. So, the demand curve under a monopoly is negatively sloped because more quantity can be sold only at a lower price.

AR & MR Under Monopoly

A firm in monopoly faces a downward sloping demand curve as more output can be sold only by reducing the price. As a result, revenue generated from every additional unit, i.e. MR, is less than price, i.e. AR, of the product. Due to this reason, MR is less AR (MR<AR).

Producer's Equilibrium

Sanjana Krishnakumar / June 5, 2019

Producer’s Equilibrium

Equilibrium refers to a state of rest when no change is required. Like a consumer, a producer also aims to maximize his satisfaction to attain equilibrium. But a producer’s satisfaction is maximized in terms of profits. Let us see how a producer reaches equilibrium.

[Read more…] about Producer’s Equilibrium

Revenue Curves under Monopoly and Monopolistic Competition

Sanjana Krishnakumar / June 5, 2019

Revenue Curves under Monopoly and Monopolistic Competition

Monopoly and monopolistic competition are imperfect competition market situations. In Imperfect Competition the price does not remain constant. In monopoly and monopolistic competition, price falls with rise in output. Let us see how the revenue curves behave in these situations.

[Read more…] about Revenue Curves under Monopoly and Monopolistic Competition

Revenue Curves under Perfect competition

Sanjana Krishnakumar / June 5, 2019

Revenue Curves under Perfect competition

The revenue curve of a firm is majorly represented by the Average Revenue and Marginal Revenue curves of a firm. These curves show the behaviour of the revenue of a firm. Let us see how the revenue curve of a firm behaves under perfect competition

[Read more…] about Revenue Curves under Perfect competition

What is Revenue

Sanjana Krishnakumar / June 5, 2019

What is Revenue?

Revenue is the amount of money that a producer receives for his commodity. It is very important for us to understand the concept of commodity and how it works.

What is Revenue?

The amount of money that a producer gets in exchange for the sale proceeds is known as revenue. Revenue refers to the amount received by a firm from the sale of a given commodity in the market. For example, a firm gets Rs. 16,000 from the sale of 100 chairs, then the amount of Rs. 16,000 is known as revenue.

The concept consists of three terms – Total Revenue, Average Revenue and Marginal Revenue.

[Read more…] about What is Revenue?

supply curve

Sanjana Krishnakumar / June 4, 2019

Supply Curve

The supply schedule shows the combinations of different quantities of a commodity that a producer is willing to sell at different levels of price. The graphical representation of a supply schedule is known as a Supply Curve.

[Read more…] about Supply Curve

Price Elasticity of Supply

Sanjana Krishnakumar / May 28, 2019

Price Elasticity of Supply

Price Elasticity of Supply – Background 

As a Supplier of Commodity, one would like to supply a particular quantity  when the price are high. However, if there is a fall in the price, the supplier would like to sell a different quantity. In other words,  there is a change in the quantity supplied of a commodity (increase or decrease),  due to a change in its price (increase or decrease in price). The extent of change in the quantity supplied of a commodity ,  due a given  change in the price of the commodity , is determined by the Price elasticity of supply of that commodity.  [Read more…] about Price Elasticity of Supply

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